Chapter 2 Flashcards
Cerebrum
Consists of grey and white matter. The outer layer is the cerebral cortex , it consists of billions of neurons. The left hemisphere appears to deal with logic and solving problems. The right hemisphere is associated with affect, behavior and spatial-perceptual function.
Frontal Lobes
Voluntary body movement, including movements that permit speaking, thinking and judgment formation, and expression of feelings.
Parietal Lobes
Perception and interpretation of most sensory information (including touch, pain, taste, and body position)
Temporal Lobes
Hearing, short-term memory, and sense of smell; expression of emotions through connection with limbic system
Occipital Lobes
Visual reception and interpretation
Diencephalon
Connects cerebrum with lower structures of the brain
Consists of thalamus and hypothalamus
Limbic System
“Emotional brain” — associated with feelings of fear and anxiety; anger and aggression; love, joy, and hope; and with sexuality and social behavior
The Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
Responsible for visual, auditory, and balance (“righting”) reflexes
Pons
Regulation of respiration and skeletal muscle tone; ascending and descending tracts connect brain stem with cerebellum and cortex
Medulla
Pathway for all ascending and descending fiber tracts; contains vital centers that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration; reflex centers for swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting
Cerebellum
Regulates muscle tone and coordination and maintains posture and equilibrium
Hope Assessment
Something we do with our patients— it helps us see how at risk someone will be for suicide
Mesencephalon
Reflexes
Keeping upright
Any damage to these brain structures can cause…
Mental illness
Nerve tissue
Most neurons are inter neurons. Carry chemical signals
Synapse
Junction between neurons
Difference between PNS and SNS
Para: rest and digest
Symp: FFF
The 4 groups of neurotransmitters
Cholinergics, Monoamines, amino acids, neuropeptides
Cholinergic: Acetylcholine
Decreased levels: Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s
Decrease: Depression
Help with sleep and memory retention
Monoamines: Norepinephrine
Decreased levels: Depression
Increased: Mania, Anxiety states, schizophrenia
Monamines: Dopamine
Decreased Levels: Parkinson’s disease, depression, Tourette syndrome, and ADHD
Monamines: Histamine
Decreased: depression
Amino Acids: GABA
Decreased: Huntington’s disease, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and various forms of epilepsy
Neuropeptides: Substance P
Decreased levels: Huntington’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease
Increased levels: Depression
Used for PTSD patients`
Neuropeptides: Endorphins and enkephalins
Modulation of dopamine activity by opioid peptides may indicate some link to the symptoms of schizophrenia
Neuropeptides: Somatostatin
Decreased levels: Alzheimer’s disease
Increased levels: Huntington’s disease
Hormones of the neuroendocrine system
Issues with hormones can greatly affect mental states
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Help to maintain our BP & conserve water.
Emotional stress is involved. Polydipsia (drinking a lot). Bipolar and schizophrenia pts have a problem with their ADH.
Location of origin: Posterior lobe of pituitary gland.
Oxytocin
Location: posterior pituitary lobe
May play a role in stress response by stimulation of ACTH
Growth Hormone (GH)
anterior pituitary
altered secretion may correlate with anorexia nervosa
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Decreased: Insomnia, anxiety, emotional lability
Increased: Fatigue, depression
Decreased levels of TSH result in increased thyroid hormones
Anterior pituatary
Prolactin
Anterior pituitary
Increased: Depression, anxiety , decreased libido, irritability
Gonadotropic hormones
Anterior P
Decreased: Depression and anorexia nervosa
Increased testosterone: Increased sexual behavior and aggressiveness
Melanocyte stimulating Hormone
Anterior P
Increased: depression
Pituitary gland
Circadian rhythms follow a 24 hour cycle and may influence a variety of regulatory functions
Genetics
Phenotype vs. Genotype
Phenotype: Expressed genes
Genotype: Persons entire set of genes including unexpressed ones.
Involvement of Genes vs. environment in the development of mental illness
Psychiatric disorders are most likely due to a combination of Genetics and environmental influence
