Chapter 14: Substance Use And Addiction Disorders Flashcards
Physical dependence
Need for increasing amounts of substance to produce the desired effects
Psychological dependence
Overwhelming desire to repeat the use of a particular drug to produce pleasure or avoid discomfort
Substance addiction
Use of the substance with ability to fulfill role obligations
Attempts to cut down/control use fail
Intense craving for the substance
Excessive amount of time spent trying to procure the substance or recover from its use
Engage in hazardous activities when impaired by the substance
——- causes the person difficulty with interpersonal relationships or to become socially isolated
Substance abuse
_____ develops and the amount required to achieve the desired effect increases
Tolerance
_____ occur upon discontinuation of use
Substance-specific symptoms
Substance induced disorders
> Substance intoxication
Substance withdrawal
Addiction is
> Chronic
Stigmatized
Substance intoxication
Development of a reversible syndrome of symptoms following excessive use of a substance
Direct effects on the CNS
Disruption in physical and psychological functioning
Judgement is disturbed and social and occupational functioning is impaired
Substance withdrawal
Development of symptoms that occurs upon abrupt reduction or discontinuation of a substance that has been used
Symptoms are specific to the substance that had been used
Disruption in physical and psychological functioning
Classes of Psychoactive Substances
Alcohol
Caffeine
Cannabis
Hallucinogens
Inhalants
Opioids
Sedatives/hypnotics
Stimulants
Tobacco
People can’t fake…
Tremor on tongue
Predisposing factors
> Biological factors
Psychological factors
Sociocultural factors
Biological factors: Genetics
Apparent hereditary factor, particularly w/ alcoholism
Biological factors: Biochemical
Alcohol may produce morphine-like substances in the brain that are responsible for alcohol addiction
Psychological factors: Personality factors
Certain personality traits are thought to increase a tendency toward addictive behavior
Psychological factors: Cognitive factors
Irrational thinking patterns have long been identified as a problem that is central in addiction
Sociocultural factors: Social learning
> Children and adolescents are more likely to sue substances w/ parents who provide models for substance use also with peer groups
Sociocultural factors: Conditioning
Pleasurable effects from substance use act as a positive reinforcement for continued use of substance
Sociocultural factors: Cultural and ethnic influences
Some cultures are more prone to substance abuse than others
Alcohol use disorder: Patterns of use, Phase 1
Pre-alcoholic phase: Characterized by use if alcohol to relives everyday stress and tension of life
Alcohol use disorder: Patterns of use, Phase 2
Early alcoholic phase: Begins with blackouts-brief periods of amnesia that occurs during or immediately following periods of drinking; alcohol is not required by the person
Alcohol use disorder: Patterns of use, Phase 3
The crucial phase: Person has lost control; physiological dependence is clearly evident
Alcohol use disorder: Patterns of use, Phase 4
The chronic phase: emotional and physical disintegration. The person usually intoxicated more often than sober
Peripheral nerve damage s/s
> Pain
Burning
Tingling
Prickly sensations of the extremities
Alcoholic myopathy
Thought to result from same B vitamin deficiency that contributes to peripheral neuropathy
Acute alcoholic myopathy
Sudden onset of muscle pain, swelling and weakness, reddish tinge to the urine, rapid rise in muscle enzymes in the blood
Chronic alcoholic myopathy
Gradual wasting and weakness in skeletal muscles
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Most serious form of thiamine deficiency in alcoholics
Korsakoff’s psychosis
Syndrome of confusion, loss of recent memory, and confabulation in alcoholics
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
Effects of alcohol on the heart is an accumulation of lipids in the myocardial cells, resulting in enlargement and weakened condition
Effects of alcohol on the body
> Esophagitis
Gastritis
Alcohol-associated Pancreatitis
Alcohol-associated hepatitis
Cirrhosis of the liver
Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia
Sexual Dysfunction
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Alcohol intoxication
Occurs at blood alcohol levels between 100-200 mg/dL (alcohol poisoning= above 200)
Alcohol withdrawal
Occurs within 4-12 hrs of cessation of or reduction in heavy and prolonged alcohol use
Sedative/hypnotic use disorder
> Barbiturates
Nonbarbiturate hypnotics
Anti anxiety agents
Club drugs
Sedative/hypnotic intoxication
With these central nervous system (CNS) depressants
Effects can range from disinhibition and aggressiveness to coma and death (with increasing dosages of the drug).
Sedative/hypnotic withdrawal
Onset of symptoms depends on the half life of the drug from which the person is withdrawing
Stimulant use disorder patterns of use: Effects on the body
CNS effects
Cardiovascular effects
Pulmonary effects
Gastrointestinal and renal effects
Sexual functioning
