Chapter 2

Question 1

Knowledge could be: traditional, authoritative, or scientific.

Answer 1

• Traditional- generation to generation knowledge (Ex: Changing bedclothes. A nurse might say to another nurse, “We’ve always done it this way.”) (Subjective data)
• Authoritative- comes from an expert or a senior nurse (Ex: when a senior staff nurse teaches a new graduate nurse a more efficient method of doing a technical procedure) (subjective data)
• Scientific- scientific method use of research, new ideas tested.

Question 2

Methods of conducting research

Answer 2

• Quantitative: Involves concepts of basic and applied research. Where basic research (laboratory research) is designed to generate and define theory. Where applied Research (Practical research) is designed to influence and improve clinical practice
• Qualitative: Conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings

Question 3

Descriptive Research

Answer 3

explore and describe events in real-life situations, describing concepts and identifying relationships between and among events; often used to generate new knowledge about topics with little or no prior research

Question 4

Correlational Research

Answer 4

T examine the type and degree of relationships between two or more variables; the strength of the relationship varies from a –1 (perfect negative correlation, in which one increases as the other decreases) to a +1 (perfect positive correlation, with both variables increasing or decreasing together)

Question 5

Quasi-experimental Research

Answer 5

examine cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables; often conducted in clinical settings to examine the effects of nursing interventions on patient outcomes

Question 6

Experimental Research

Answer 6

examine cause-and-effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions; often c conducted in a laboratory setting

Question 7

Qualitative Research:

Answer 7

• Phenomenology: to describe experiences as they are lived by the subjects being studied
• Grounded theory: How people describe their own reality
• Ethnography: issues of a culture that are of interest to nursing.
• Historical: examines events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession today

Question 8

PICOT

Answer 8

Ask question in PICOT format
o	P- patient, population, problem of interest
o	I- Intervention of interest
o	C- comparison of interest
o	O- outcome of interest
o	T- Time