Chapter 2 Flashcards
Around the world, humans are…
not distributed equally
what does a cartogram do?
depicts size of countries according to population rather that land area.
2/3 of the worlds population live in 4 areas, where are they?
East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe
extreme climate and topography will result in…
smaller populations in those regions, people tend to gravitate more to average climates.
describe the term ecumene.
portion of earth occupied by permanent human settlement
what is population density?
numbers of humans living in an area
what is arable land?
land suitable for agriculture
what are the 3 types of population density? describe them
- arithmetic density: total number of people divided by total land area. it allows for the comparison of populations
- Physiological density: number of people per unit area of arable land.
- agricultural density: ratio of number of farmers to the total amount of arable land
what do geographers measure population with?
natural increase rate(NIR), crude birth rate(CBR), crude death rate(CDR)
what is a census?
complete enumeration of population
what is the natural increase rate?
percentage growth rate of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
what is the current world NIR
1.1%
what does the term “doubling time” mean?
number of years needed to double a population
what is the current population distribution around the world?
asia: 66%
africa: 20%
Latin America: 9%
North America: 4%
Europe and Russia: 1%
what is the crude death rate?
total live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in society. it is currently 20
what is the crude death rate?
total deaths for every 1000 people alive in society. 8 in developing countries and 10 in developed.
what is the demographic transition?
process of change in a society’s population from a condition oh high crude birth and death rates and low natural TO low crude birth and death rates, low natural increase, and higher total population.
what are the 4 stages in a demographic transition? what are some examples of countries in these stages?
stage 1: very high CBR and CDR and very low NIR
- when we were still hunters/gatherers
stage 2: high CBR, rapidly declining CDR, very high NIR
-gambia
stage 3: rapidly declining CBR, moderate CDR, moderate NIR
-mexico
stage 4: very low CBR, slightly increasing CDR, 0 or negative NIR
-denmark
what is the sex ratio? what is the standard sex ratio?
number of males per 100 females in population. standard is 105
what is maternal mortality rate? what is the world wide rate?
annual female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management.
world rate is 216
the stages of demographic transition will determine the prominent age groups of the country. what stage has what age groups?
stage 2 will have more younger people, stage 4 will have more older people
what is the infant mortality rate?
total deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1000 live births in a society
what is the potential support ratio? AKA the elderly support ratio
number of working age people divided by number of people older than 65. the worlds ratio is 9
define the term life expectancy?
average years individual ran expect to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
what is the dependency ratio?
number of people who are too young or old to work
what is a population pyramid?
bar graph that represents distribution of population by age and sex
what is epidemiology?
a branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locations.
what is the epidemiological transition?
process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
what are the deaths associated with the stages of the epidemiological transition?
stage 1: famine and infectious diseases
stage 2: receding pandemics
stage 3: degenerative diseases and human created diseases
stage 4: delayed degenerative diseases
what does it mean for a place to be overpopulated?
the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
what are typical child bearing years?
15-49
what is Malthus’s theory about population?
population is going to exceed food supply because population increases geometrically and food increases arithmetically.
what is the potential stage 5 that could arise in the demographic transition?
it would happen in developed countries and would be characterized by very low CBR, increasing CDR and have a negative NIR
what is the total fertility rate?
the average number of children a woman will have throughout her child bearing years. worlds is 2.5
what is the term “zero population growth”?
decline of total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
what are 3 reasons to explain the emergence of a possible stage 5?
- evolution (diseases mutate)
- poverty (diseases more prevalent in these areas)
- increased connections (world is more connected and allows spread of more disease)
what two strategies can CBR rates be lowered?
- education and health care
2. contraception and family planning
