Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 2 > Chapter 19 Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Why Sex?

A

 Survival of the species
*All other body systems are about the survival of the individual animal
 Economic system for agricultural species
* Dairy
*Beef
*Equine (horse racing)
*Pork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

A

 Asexual reproduction – massive numbers of
“offspring” in short period of time, all organisms with same DNA
*Bacteria, protozoans, cloning
 Sexual reproduction – fewer numbers of offspring, all organisms with different DNA
*Increased genetic diversity (larger gene pool)
*Increased survival of the species
* Most multicellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Animal Reproductive System Physiology

A

 Works to ensure survival of the species of the animal
 Interacts with other body systems
*Purely reproductive structures are not essential to the life of an animal
 Requires a second animal (of the opposite sex) tocfully carry out its function
 Process begins with fertilization
* Head of spermatozoon must penetratecinto the cytoplasm of ovum
— S + E= Z

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chromosomes

A

 Coiled masses of DNA in the nuclei of cells
 Each cell in an animal’s body (except spermatozoa or ova) contains paired, identical chromosomes
 Diploid chromosome number = 2n
* Total number of chromosomes in the nucleus of each body cell is the same (except for reproductive cells)
* Always an even number – chromosomes occur in pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

 Designated as either “X” chromosomes or “Y” chromosomes
 If both of the sex chromosomes are X chromosomes (XX), the individual is genetically female
 If one is an X and the other is a Y (XY), the individual is genetically male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

A

 Mitosis – diploid chromosome number (2n)
*Production of all cells in body except gametes
 Meiosis – haploid chromosome number (n)
*Production of gametes (sex cells)
 Fertilization
*Sperm (n) + ovum (n) = =
zygote (2n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell Division Mitosis vs Meiosis

A

 Mitosis = 2n
* Each chromosome produces a duplicate copy of itself
* Half of chromosomes go to one daughter cell, and half go to the other
* Genetic makeup exactly the same as each other and as the parent cell

 Meiosis = n
* Chromosomes do not produce duplicate copies before daughter cells pull apart
* Random half of total chromosomes go to each daughter cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mitosis

A

 Most body cells divide after the cell first makes a duplicate copy of its chromosomes
 Half the chromosomes go to one daughter cell and half go to the other
 Genetic makeup of the two daughter cells is exactly the same as each other and as the parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Meiosis

A

 Cell division that produces basic reproductive cells
* Ova
*Spermatozoa
 Process ensures that the genetic makeup
of each new animal is unique
 Creation of reproductive cells (gametes)
*Sperm & egg
* Occurs in gonads (sex organs)
 Diploid (2n) number  haploid (n) number
 Meiosis I (where genetic diversity happens)
* Tetrads
* Crossing over
 Meiosis II
* Like mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Haploid Chromosome Number (meiosis)

A

 The reduced number of chromosomes in the gamete
 Results from a reduction division (meiosis)
* Cell divides
* Total number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is reduced to ½ number of the parent cell
 Ensures that fertilized ovum from union of ova and
spermatozoa has the diploid number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Meiosis – Gamete Formation

A

 Diploid number to haploid number of chromosomes
 Spermatogenesis in male animal
* 1 spermatogonium produces 4 mature sperm
 Oogenesis in female animal
* 1 oogonium produces 1 mature egg (ovum) + 3 polar bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The process where spermatozoa (male gametes) are produced in large numbers in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
 Primary spermatocyte divides by meiosis into secondary spermatocytes – haploid number
 The secondary spermatocytes divide by mitosis into four spermatids
 Spermatids grow tails and undergo other physical changes that convert them to spermatozoa.
 When the spermatozoa are fully developed, they detach and are carried to the epididymis for storage before ejaculation
 Half of the spermatozoa produced have an “X” sex
chromosome, and half have a “Y” sex chromosome
*The male sperm determines the sex of the
offspring!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Oogenesis

A

*The process where ova (female gametes) are produced (a few at a time) in the follicles of the ovaries
*Female has fixed number of primary oocytes at or soon after birth

 Primary oocyte divides by meiosis into a large secondary oocyte and a small “polar body”
 Each has the haploid chromosome number
 Secondary oocyte and the first polar body divide by mitosis into an ovum and three polar bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Male Reproductive System

A

*The testes are the male gonads
*The male reproductive cells are formed in the testes Testes located outside body in the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Male Reproductive System Physiology

A

 Produces male sex hormones
 Develops spermatozoa
 Deliver the spermatozoa to the female system at the appropriate time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Male Reproductive System Anatomy

A

 Scrotum
* Cremaster muscle
* Tunica albuginea
 Testicles (testes)
 Epididymis
 Spermatic cord
* Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
* Testicular vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Scrotum

A

 Sac of skin that houses the testes
 Helps regulate temperature of testes
* Testes must be kept slightly cooler than body temperature
 Cremaster muscle passes down through the inguinal ring and attaches to the scrotum.
*Adjusts the position of the testes relative to the body depending on temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

 Fibrous connective tissue capsule that encloses each testis
 Septa divide each testis into tiny lobules that contain the seminiferous tubules
 Produce sperm and hormones
 Located outside the abdomen in the inguinal region
 Housed in a sac of skin – the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Histology of Testicle

A

 Seminiferous tubules
*Produce sperm (spermatogenesis)
 Interstitial cells (Cells of Leydig)
*Produce testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

 Site of spermatogenesis
*takes place in U-shaped tube =
 Long, convoluted U-shaped tube attached at both ends to system of ducts (rete testis)
 Interstitial cells – endocrine cells between the seminiferous tubules -produce androgens
*produce androgens (testosterone)
 Sertoli cells – Support developing spermatids
*and shield from body’s immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Testicle Development

A

 Develop just posterior to kidneys
 Descends into scrotum by passing through inguinal canal
 Gubernaculum (cordlike structure containing muscle) extends from the testicle to the inner lining of scrotum
*It shortens, and guides the testicle to the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Functions of the Testes

A

 Spermatogenesis
*Spermatozoa are produced in seminiferous tubules of the testes
 Hormone production
*Androgens (male sex hormones) produced in interstitial cells of the seminiferous tubules
*Principal androgen = testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Spermatozoa

A

 Long, thin cells
 3 main parts
* Head - made up of nuclear material and is covered by a cap-like structure called the acrosome
– Acrosome contains digestive enzyme that are released once the sperm is inside the female reproductive tract – helps penetrate through the ovum)
* Midpiece - the “power plant” of the cell; contains a large
concentration of energy-producing mitochondria
* Tail - – resembles the flagellum that many single-celled organisms use for propulsion;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Head of sperm

A

 Contains nucleus
 Covered by acrosome
* Contains digestive enzymes that help spermatozoon reach and penetrate ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Midpiece of sperm

A

 Large concentration of mitochondria arranged in a
spiral pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tail of sperm

A

 Contains muscle-like contractile fibrils
* Produces a whip-like movement of tail and propel sperm cell forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Duct System

A

 After detaching from Sertoli cells, spermatozoa enter the rete testis
 Then flow through the efferent ducts to the epididymis
*Single, long, convoluted tube that connects the efferent ducts of the testis with the vas deferens
*Storage and maturation of spermatozoa
 Then flow into the vas deferens of the spermatic cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The Epididymis of sperm

A

 Storage site for spermatozoa and a place for them to mature
 Flat ribbon-like structure that lies along the surface of
the testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Vas Deferens

A

 Ductus deferens; part of the spermatic cord
 Passes through inguinal ring then separates from spermatic cord and connects with urethra
 Ampulla – enlargement of the vas deferens just before it joins the urethra found in some species
* contain glands that contribute material to semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Spermatic Cord

A

 Blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and the vas deferens.
 Pampiniform plexus – meshwork of veins that surrounds testicular artery
* Maintains testes at a temperature slightly lower than body temperature
* Warms blood back to body temperature before it returns to the abdomen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Vas Deferens Physiology

A

*moves the spermatozoa from the epididymis up to the urethra when ejaculation occurs
*spermatozoa mixed with secretions from accessory glands = semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Urethra anatomy

A

 Pelvic portion - entry point of vas deferens and accessory reproductive glands
 Penile portion - runs down the length of the penis
 Spermatozoa from vas deferens and secretions from accessory reproductive glands enter urethra and are pumped out as semen
 Carries urine from the urinary bladder outside the body.
* Urine flow temporarily blocked when ejaculation occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Accessory Reproductive Glands

A

*Ducts of glands enter pelvic portion of the urethra
*Different species have different combinations of glands
 Produce alkaline fluid to help counteract acidity of female reproductive tract
*Electrolytes
* Fructose
*Prostaglandins
 Seminal vesicles
 Prostate gland
 Bulbourethral glands = Cowper’s glands

34
Q

The Penis

A

 The roots
* 2 bands of crura attach penis to brim of pelvis
 The body
* 2 bundles of erectile tissue
*Sinuses engorge with blood = erection
–Corpus cavernosum urethrae = corpus spongiosum
–Corpus cavernosum penis

35
Q

The Penis Glans

A

 The glans
* Distal end of penis with numerous sensory nerves
*Prepuce = sheath of skin that encloses the penis when it is not erect

36
Q

Penis Comparative Anatomy

A

*Canine
 Urethra runs through groove on os penis
 Bulb of the glans remains swollen after ejaculation . . .the tie
*Equine
 Contains large component of erectile tissue
 Glans flares into distinctive mushroom shape
– Corona glandis
 Urethral process extends from central depression called the fossa glandis
*Bovine
 Sigmoid Flexure Erection results from straightening the S shape of non-erect penis
 Penis protrudes from prepuce for breeding
 Retractor penis muscle pull penis back to non-erect, S shape

37
Q

Orchidectomy

A

 Castration, “neutering”, OE
 Definition – surgical removal of testicles
 Medical vs. behavioral reasons

38
Q

Male Physiology

A
  • Major sex hormone is testosterone
  • Produced in the interstitial cells in the testicle
39
Q

Female Reproductive System complexity and functions

A

 More complex than male reproductive system
 Functions:
*Produces sex hormones
* Develops gametes
* Receives male gametes
* Furnishes a site for gametes to fertilize the ovum
*Provides environment for embryo to grow and develop
* Carries embryo for entire pregnancy
*Pushes offspring out when fully developed

40
Q

Canine Female Reproductive System Anatomy

A

 Ligaments
 Ovaries
 Oviducts
 Uterus
 Cervix
 Vagina
 Vulva

41
Q

Broad and Round Female Reproductive Ligaments

A

 Broad ligament:
*Suspend ovaries, oviducts, and uterus
* Contain blood
vessels and
nerves
 Round ligament of
the uterus

42
Q

Suspensory Ligament of Ovary

A

 Ovarian end of broad ligament attached to body wall in area of last rib
 Must be broken during OHE

43
Q

Ovaries

A

 In dorsal abdomen just posterior to kidneys
 Species variation in appearance
 Site of oogenesis
 2 functions
* Ova (eggs)
* Female hormones
– Estrogen - prepares for pregnancy
—progesterone - hormones of pregnancy
* Follicles & corpus luteum
 Ovarian artery
 Palpated rectally in cows, mares
* Determines when to breed

44
Q

Oogenesis

A

*During fetal development meiosis begins but stops in prophase 1
*After puberty, primary oocytes complete meiosis 1
–produces a secondary oocyte and a first polar body
—- first polar body may or may not divide again
*Secondary oocyte begins meiosis 2 but stops in metaphase
* Secondary oocyte and first polar body are ovulated
(Meiosis 2)
* After fertilization meiosis 2 resumes.
– The oocyte splits into an ovum and second polar body
* The nuclei of sperm cell and the ovum unite forming a diploid zygote

45
Q

Trace Sperm through reproductive tract

A

1) Sperm starts in testicle
2) Stored in epididymis
3) Vas Deferens (ejaculation)
4) Prostrate gland
5) Urethra

46
Q

Ovarian Cycle physiology

A

 Development of ovum, ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and degeneration of immature follicles and corpus luteum
 Influenced by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
 Ova are not constantly produced in ovaries
 Cyclical sequence of events under influence of FSH and LH

47
Q

The Ovarian Cycle in different species

A

 Uniparous species
* Ovaries produce one mature ovum per cycle
* Horses, cattle, humans
 Multiparous species (litter species)
* Ovaries produce multiple ova per cycle
* Cats, dogs, and sows give birth to a litter

48
Q

Primary Follicle

A

*Immature oocyte surrounded by single layer of flattened follicular cells
*Follicular activation

49
Q

Growing Follicle

A

*Occurs once primary (primordial) follicle has become activated
*Oocyte starts to grow in size
* Glycoprotein zona pellucida layer forms
* Granulosa cells multiply
*Antrum is formed

50
Q

Comparative Anatomy Male Accessory Reproductive Glands

A

Boar- -Seminal Vesicles: Yes, Bulbourethral: Yes
Bull-Seminal Vesicles: Yes, Bulbourethral: Yes
Cat-Seminal Vesicles: No, Bulbourethral: Yes
Dog: Seminal Vesicles: No, Bulbourethral: No
Human: Seminal Vesicles: Yes, Bulbourethral: Yes
Ram: Seminal Vesicles: Yes, Bulbourethral: Yes
Stallion: Seminal Vesicles: Yes, Bulbourethral: Yes

Prostrate Gland, all species

51
Q

Mature Follicle

A

*Oocyte sits in mound of cumulus oophorus
*Zona pellucida is surrounded by corona radiata
*Estrogen is at peak level

52
Q

Ovulation

A

*Mature follicle ruptures
* Gamete released into oviduct – now called an ovum
*Empty follicle fills with blood to form corpus hemorrhagicum

53
Q

Ovulation Stages

A

Primary Follicle
Growing Follicle
Mature Follicle
Ovulation
Corpus Luteum

54
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

*Formed from cells lining corpus hemorrhagicum
*Produces the progestins needed to maintain pregnancy if ovum is fertilized

55
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

 If pregnancy occurs, remains for entire pregnancy
 If pregnancy does not occur, degenerates after a short period
 False pregnancy (pseudocyesis)
* Common in dogs

56
Q

Ovulation occurs

A

 Occurs spontaneously in most species
* Result of rising levels of LH
 Induced ovulators
* Ovulation occurs after breeding
* Cats, camels, rabbits, ferrets

57
Q

Oviducts

A

= Fallopian Tubes = Uterine Tubes

 Guide ova from ovary to uterus
 Serve as usual site for fertilization of ova by spermatozoa
 Extend from tips of uterine horns
 Fimbriae “catch” ova in infundibulum
— Infundibulum: enlarged opening at the ovarian end of each oviduct
—-muscular projections form margin of infundibulum; help properly position infundibulum
 Linings covered with many cilia
 Move ova down toward uterus

58
Q

Uterus

A

 Also called the womb
 Where zygote implants and grows
 “Litter species” have more horn than body
* Dogs, cats, pigs
 3 layers
*Endometrium – site of zygote implantation
* Myometrium – thickest layer
*Perimetrium
 Hollow muscular organ, usually Y-shaped
 Forms part of placenta and afterbirth

59
Q

Comparative Female Reproductive Anatomy

A

All species have the same part
Uterine horn in litter species is smaller than in non-litter species

60
Q

3 Layers of Uterine Wall

A

 Endometrium: lining composed of simple columnar epithelium and simple tubular glands
*Secrete mucus and other substances
 Myometrium: thick layers of smooth muscle
 Perimetrium: outermost layer covered by the visceral layer of peritoneum

61
Q

The Cervix

A

 Smooth muscle sphincter between body of the uterus and the vagina
 Normally tightly closed/Naturally open on only 2 occasions
*Estrus (true heat)
—Sperm in
*Parturition (birthing)
—Newborns out
 Muscular valve that seals off uterus

62
Q

The Vagina and the Vulva

A

 Vagina
* Muscular tube that receives penis during breeding time
*Acts as birth canal at parturition
 Vulva (External Genitalia)
*Vestibule – urethra opens on floor of vestibule
* Clitoris
* Labia

63
Q

Female Reproductive Physiology

A

 Puberty – age at which reproductive organs become functional
 Males
* Quite often mature later than female
*Always ready for breeding
 Females
* Usually mature first
*Are only fertile and receptive for a brief time

64
Q

Estrous Cycle

A

= Heat Period = Estrus
 Definite period in each reproductive cycle when
breeding can take place
 Time from the beginning of one heat period to the
beginning of the next
 Controlled by 2 anterior pituitary hormones
* Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (from pituitary)
—- Oogenesis
* Luteinizing hormone (LH) (from pituitary)
—- Ovulation, corpus luteum production

65
Q

3 female tracks exit caudally

A

Dorsal to ventral
Digestive
Reproductive
Urinary

66
Q

Proestrus

A

 The “building up” phase (7 days)
 Blood spotting starts (Day 1)
 Follicles begin developing
 Estrogen output increases
 Blood supply to ovaries increases

67
Q

Estrus

A

 “True heat” (7 days)
 2nd stage of Estrous after proestrous
 Estrogen level production peaks
 Female sexually receptive
 Bloody discharge lighter (straw colored?)
 Ovulation! (one or multiple ova)
* Ovulation occurs near end of estrus in some species
 Induced ovulator species (e.g., cat, rabbit) remain in a prolonged state of estrus if not bred

68
Q

Trace an egg Cell

A
  1. Ovary
  2. Oviduct
  3. Uterine horn (zygotes)
    4.body of uterus
  4. cervix
  5. vagina
69
Q

Metestrus

A

 7 days
 Time when corpus luteum develops
 Lining of uterus thickens for implantation
 Progesterone produced by corpus luteum temporarily inhibits follicular development in the ovary
 Cornified epithelial lining that developed in the vagina during proestrus and estrus is lost

70
Q

Diestrus

A

 Corpus luteum at maximum size and exerting maximum effect
 If fertilized ovum implants, corpus luteum is retained well into the pregnancy
 If no pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum degenerates at the end of diestrus
— sometimes Pseudocyesis, or pseudopregnancy (common in dogs)
*Animal then either goes back into proestrus or ovary shuts down and animal goes into anestrus
 Seen in seasonally polyestrus animals (cat, horse, cattle, swine)

71
Q

Anestrus

A

 Period of temporary ovarian inactivity
 Seen in seasonally polyestrus, diestrous, and monoestrous animals
 Ovary temporarily shuts down
 Ovarian inactivity (5+ months in dogs)
 Period between breeding cycles

72
Q

Types of Estrous Cycles

A

 Polyestrous: animals that cycle continuously throughout the year if they are not pregnant (cattle and swine)
 Seasonally polyestrous: animals with seasonal variations in estrous cycles (horse, sheep, cat)
 Diestrous: animals with two cycles per year, usually spring and fall (dog)
 Monoestrous: animals with one cycle per year (fox and mink)

73
Q

cats/rabbits fertility

A

 Seasonally polyestrus
(10 months)
 Anestrus (2 months)
 Induced ovulators
* Need 2 stimuli
 Post-partum estrus
* Can have 3 litters per year

74
Q

Species specific Estrus

A

 Time Intervals
*Polyestrous
–Cattle, swine
*Seasonally polyestrous
–Horses, sheep, cats
* Diestrous
—Dogs
* Monoestrous
—Foxes, minks

75
Q

Breeding dogs

A

 Breed twice when ovulation is occurring
 Eggs only in oviduct 72 hours
 Sperm only live for 72 hours
 Best time to breed?c
Day 10 – Day 12
 Vaginal cytology
*Best way to detect ovulation

76
Q

Glycoprotein zona pellucida

A

Forms around the growing follicle
Thick extracellular matrix composed of glycoproteins to which sperm attach

77
Q

antrum

A

Fluid-filled space within an ovarian follicle

78
Q

Vaginal tunics and Testis capsule

A

▪ Tunics are derived from the abdominal peritoneum
– The parietal vaginal tunic forms a grossly visible fibrous sac around each testis and spermatic cord
– The visceral vaginal tunic tightly adheres to the testes – it is not grossly visible
▪ testis capsule:
➢ Is located beneath the vaginal tunics
➢ It is also known as the tunica albuginea
➢ Is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue
➢ Provides support and protection for the testis
➢ Sends branches into the testis that divide it into microscopic lobules, each containing seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells

79
Q

Prostrate Gland

A

▪ Single structure that more or less surrounds the urethra
▪ Multiple ducts carry its secretions into the urethra
▪ It is present in all common domestic animals
▪ In dogs, it is particularly large because it is the only accessory reproductive gland they have

80
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

▪ Ducts from the two seminal vesicles (also known as vesicular glands) enter the pelvic urethra in the same area as the vas deferens
▪ They are present in all common domestic animals except for cats and dogs

81
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

▪ The paired (two) bulbourethral glands are also known as Cowper’s glands
▪ They are located further caudally than the other accessory reproductive glands
▪ Their ducts enter the urethra back near the caudal border of the pelvis
▪ They secrete a mucinous (mucus-containing) fluid just before ejaculation that clears and lubricates the urethra for the passage of semen
▪ They are not found in dogs

82
Q

How does the reproductive system differ from other body systems?

A

*Not about survival of the species
*Involves a second animal

Anatomy 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions