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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 13 - Immunity and Defense > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Immunity and Defense Flashcards

1
Q

Three lines of defense

A

 1st line of defense – skin & mucosa, etc. (physical barriers) - fort
 2nd line of defense –neutrophils & macrophages (inflammatory response) - traffic cops
 3rd line of defense – lymphocytes (immune response) - vaccines/security guard

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2
Q

Imunity

A

– immune reaction that helps fight
pathogens & antigens

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3
Q

Immune System

A

Immune system –
* 3 lines of defense
*Protects animal body from infection by pathogens
or antigens

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4
Q

Pathogens

A

– disease-causing organisms
*Viruses
*Bacteria
*Parasites, Fungi?

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5
Q

Antigens

A

– foreign proteins
* From pathogens
* From anything protein
* From “self” (Autoimmune diseases)

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6
Q

Immune system functions

A

Security System
 Protect animal from pathogens
 Recognize antigens that threaten health of animal (non-self)
 Deals with
*Infectious disease control and prevention
* Cancer
*Allergies

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7
Q

The Immune System

A

 Security system of the body
* Recognizes foreign material
*Protects the body from anything that is not a part of the body
 Innate immune system
* First line of defense is external barriers
*Second line of defense is cellular and chemical components
 Adaptive immune system
* Third line of defense is to target specific pathogens

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8
Q

1st line of Defense

A

 Skin (Most visible barrier)
*Physical barrier -Covers majority of surfaces in obvious contact with environment
* Resident microorganisms
*Acidic pH and fatty acid content of sweat

 Mucous membranes -barrier that lines digestive tract, respiratory tract and genitourinary tract
* Cilia and mucus in respiratory system
*Acidity of stomach
* Fluids such as tears, saliva, and urine
* Mucous protest these
surfaces from infections

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9
Q

Lymph from lymph nodes

A

 Lymph flows through at least one lymph node as it
returns from peripheral limbs
* Lymph from specific areas of the body always
passes through same node(s)
* May aid in determining location of inflammatory
response, infection, or tumor

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10
Q

Lymph node locations

A

 Nodes dispersed throughout body
*Submandibular
*Prescapular
*Axillary
*Inguinal
*Popliteal

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11
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue

Clusters of lymphoid tissue in various areas throughout the animal’s body
 Located near mucosal surfaces
 Not encapsulated like a lymph node
 Function:
*Identify antigens
* Mount immune response

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12
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A

 Aggregations of lymphoid tissue in small intestine
* Cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs
 Majority found in lining of ileum
* smaller percentage in jejunum

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13
Q

2nd line of defense

A

Neutrophils and Macrophages

 Part of 2nd Line of Defense in animal body
 Diapedesis – process used by neutrophils to go from circulation into tissue spaces
 Chemotaxis – process that attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at a site of infection

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14
Q

Innate immune system

A

Innate immune system
* Rapid, nonspecific
*Present at birth
* Destroys “non-self” invaders
* Uses physical, chemical, and cellular components to protect body
* Provides anatomical and cellular barriers
* Body’s first and second lines of defense
* Does not recognize specific pathogens

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15
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

*Slower to respond
* Not present at birth
* Targets specific organisms
* Develops and adapts as animal matures and is exposed to antigens
* Uses antibodies, memory cells, plasma cells, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes

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16
Q

External Innate Immunity

A

 First line of defense
 Anatomical barriers on surface of body
*Keratinized epithelial tissue of skin
* Mucous membranes
– Line respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
* Tears, saliva, and nasal discharge production
*Acidic environment of the stomach

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17
Q

Internal Innate Defense

A

 Second line of defense
 When a pathogen makes its way past physical barriers, the body controls spread of infection through acute inflammation

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18
Q

Fever

A

 Elevated body temperature
 A systemic inflammation response where chemical mediators are carried throughout the body
* Creates environment exceeding optimum temperature for growth of pathogen
 Excessively high body temperature (>104°F) may cause proteins to denature

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19
Q

Phagocytosis- line of defense and description

A

 Second line of defense
 Several types of cells capable of phagocytosis
* Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendrite cells
 Cells contain receptors on outer membrane to differentiate “self” versus “non-self”

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20
Q

Steps of Phagocytosis

A

5 Steps:
Activation and chemotaxis
Attachment
Ingestion
Destruction
Exocytosis

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21
Q

The Complement System

A

 Group of 30+ plasma proteins, mostly inactive proteolytic enzymes
 Always present in plasma in inactive form
 Become active in presence of antigen, or an antibody attached to an antigen
 Functions
* Trigger inflammation
*Alter microbial cell membranes (opsonization)

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22
Q

Complement cascade

A

When one complement protein is activated, it activates the next complement protein in the series
Final result is antigen cell lysis, or body cell apoptosis

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23
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Healthy host cells express self MHC-1
- This ensures that NK cells do not attack normal host cells

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24
Q

Interferons

A

Proteins produced in response to presence of viruses, bacteria, cancer, and other foreign invaders - innate defense

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25
Q

B Cells life cycle

A

 Formed in the bone marrow
 Migrate to lymph nodes and spleen
* When stimulated by presence of specific antigen
* Differentiate into plasma cells
* Responsible for actual production, storage, and release of antibodies

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26
Q

thymocytes

A

Precursors to T-cells
* Originate in red bone marrow
* Migrate to thymus to mature and multiply

Enter bloodstream as T cells
* Migrate to lymph nodes and spleen
* Coordinate cell-mediated immunity

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27
Q

Adaptive Immune Types

A

Humoral and Cell-mediated

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28
Q

Humoral

A
  • Triggered by extracellular pathogens
  • Results in production of immunoglobulins by B cells/plasma cells
  • Targets specific antigens for destruction
29
Q

Cell-Mediated

A
  • Provides immunity against intracellular pathogens
  • Does not depend upon antibody production
  • T cells attach directly to antigen markers on surfaces of phagocytes that have already processed the pathogen
  • Intracelleular
30
Q

Humoral Physiology

A

 Process when B cells recognize an antigen and transform into plasma cells
 B-lymphocytes (B cells) transform into plasma cells
*Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) to specific antigens -
*Stay in lymphocytes, send antibodies into bloodstream
* Memory cells
*All other B cells are unaffected
 Immediate hypersensitivity
 Plasma cells produce, store, and release antibodies
*Plasma cells found in any body tissue
* Most numerous in tissues engaged in antibody formation
 Extracellular

Humoral (Antibody) Immunity

31
Q

IgM

A

Immunoglobulins/Antibodies
* First Ig made during first exposure to an antigen
* The largest antibody (know this)
* Temporary

32
Q

IgG

A

Immunoglobulins/Antibodies
* Smallest and most common
* Made when animal exposed to an antigen for a long time or when exposed to the antigen for the second time
* Indicative of a chronic infection
* Can cross the placenta, producing passive immunity to fetus

33
Q

IgA

A

Immunoglobulins/Antibodies
* Can leave blood and enter tissue fluids
* Plays a role in protecting mucosal surfaces (e.g., intestinal tract and lungs)

34
Q

IgE

A

Immunoglobulins/Antibodies
*Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils
*Associated with an allergic response
*Protects against parasitic helminth infections

35
Q

IgD

A

Immunoglobulins/Antibodies

  • Activates basophils and mast cells
  • Uncommon
36
Q

Examples of Humoral/Antibody Immunity

A

Vaccines
Tetanus Toxoid injections

37
Q

Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI)

A

 Controlled by T cells
* Circulate in blood and lymph
–Does not depend on antibody production
*Programmed to attack and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells (specific antigens)
*Produced throughout life of the animal
* Microscopic clusters of cells
* Memory cells
* Delayed hypersensitivity
 Provides immunity against intracellular pathogens
 T cells attach directly to antigen markers on surfaces of phagocytes that have already processed the pathogen

38
Q

Examples of Cell Mediated Immunity

A

TB testing
Allergy testing

39
Q

Fundamentals of Acquired Immunity

A

(3rd Line of Defense)

Naturally acquired immunity is acquisition of adaptive immunity through natural events
Immunization mimics these events by inducing artificially acquired immunity
Natural or artificial immunity can be divided into
* Active immunity
* Passive immunity (borrowed)

40
Q

Active Immunity

A

 The result of an active immune process - Antibodies made by animal
* Natural immunity – getting the disease and living (IE exposure to antigen)
*Vaccines (artificial)
– Modified live (attenuated)
—Killed virus
 Long-acting
 Memory cells
 Examples
* Disease itself
*Vaccines
* Tetanus toxoid

41
Q

Passive Immunity

A

 Receiving antibodies from an external source ( “borrowed”)
* Maternal antibodies - (colostrum)
*Across the placenta
*Via colostrum
 Offers protection
* No activation of immune system

 Protection lost once antibodies disappear from the animal’s system - no memory cells
- short acting
 Young animals

42
Q

Creating Immunity in Animal

A

 Biological – product of a living organism that produces immunity in an animal
*Vaccines – viruses
*Bacterins – bacteria
*Immunity not as strong
* Risk of reactions

43
Q

2 Common of Antibodies Immunoglobulins

A

 IgM – made during first exposure to antigen
*Primary response
*Slow production
 IgG – made during second exposure to antigen
* Most common immunoglobulin
*Secondary (“booster”) response
*Production more rapid than IgM
* Can cross the placenta

44
Q

Feline Core Vaccines

A

 Feline Distemper (Panleukopenia)
 Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR)
 Feline Calici Virus
 Rabies

45
Q

Factors in Determining Likelihood of Disease

A

 Exposure
 Mode of infection/transmission
 Virulence – relative strength of the pathogen to invade animal immune system
 Immune system strength
*Young, old, immunosuppressed animals
 Resistance
*Acquired resistance
*Exposure or vaccination
*Species resistance

46
Q

Canine Core Vaccines

A

Rabies
Combo vaccine-
-distemper
-adenovirus
-parvovirus
- +/- parainfluenza

47
Q

Complement protein

A

Produced in the liver and circulate in the blood
Function as part of the complement system (30+ plasma proteins)
- cause inflmation
- alter microbial cell membranes (opsonization)

48
Q

Cytokines

A

Cytokines are small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells.
— found in lysosomes

49
Q

Interleukins

A

Control leukocytes
Necessary for T cells to grow, differentiate, and activate during inflammatory and immune response

50
Q

Organs involved in immunity

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, GALT, bone marrow

51
Q

Where is MALT found

A

Tonsils (pharynx)
adenoids (pharynx)
Peyer’s patches (intestines),
clusters of lymphoid tissue in the gastrointestinal tract
in rabbits the appendix (intestines)

52
Q

Difference between first and second line of defense

A

The first line of defense is composed of external barriers (skin, mucous membranes, secretions). The second line of defense is internal and activated only when the first line of defense fails.

53
Q

apoptosis

A

cellular changes that lead to cellular death

54
Q

Pros and Cons of Fever

A

Benefits of fever include increased rate of phagocytosis, slowed bacterial growth, and potential killing of the pathogen.

Risks include denaturing of the proteins and injury to bodily tissues and cells.

55
Q

The phatocytic Cells:

A

All white blood cells except lymphocytes and basophils: *Neutrophils
*eosinophils
*monocytes
And tissue macrophages.

56
Q

Antibodies come from:

A

B-Cells

57
Q

Stages of differentiation for T and B cells

A

1) Native cells enter the lymphatic system but have not encountered an antigen.
2) Cytotoxic or effector cells activate and are involved in eliminating a pathogen.
3) Memory cells provide long-term immunity.

58
Q

Three type of T cells

A

Helper T cells (TH) - secrete cytokines into the surrounding tissue to improve immune response.
Cytotoxic T cells (TC) - attach to the antigenic cells and destroy them.
Regulatory T cells (TS) - inhibit helper T cell and cytotoxic T cell function by negative feedback. They also prevent B cells from transforming into plasma cells.

59
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

Type 1- severe: anaphylactic shock, atopic dermatitis, food allergies
Type 2 - Infection is present - immune system cause of disease
Type 3- Immune complex: antibody and antigen form immune complexes - Example is lupus
Type 4- Cell-mediated reactions

60
Q

Factors determining likelihood of disease

A

Exposure
Mode of infection/transmission
Virulence of the pathogen and degree of pathogenicity
Immune system strength
Resistance

61
Q

lipemia

A

Lipemia is presence of a high concentration of lipids (or fats) in the blood. It can be caused by the presence of fat from digested food in the sample (postprandial)

Why fasting before blood samples is desired

62
Q

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

A

PAMP
Common molecules found on the membranes of pathogens and shared by large groups of pathogens

63
Q

pathogen recognition receptors

A

receptors on macrphages or dendridic cells that bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns

64
Q

Primary lymphatic System

A
  • Thymus
    *Bursa of Fabricius (Avian)
    *Peyer’s patches - Intestinal tract
65
Q

histamine

A

Produced by mast cells from histidine during tissue injury
- Part of inflammation. -

66
Q

Mast Cells

A

Transient cell of connective tissue
- releases heparin and histamine into foreign invaders
Resemble basophils
Do not circulate in blood

67
Q

B cells

A

Lymphocytes
travel through lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphoid structures
-rarely in peripheral blood
Responsible for humoral immunity
Each B cell produces one specific antibody against one antigen

68
Q

T cells

A

Lymphocytes
Processed in thymus and then go to peripheral lymphoid tissue
Responsible for Cell mediated immunity
- no antibodies involved
Activate B cells

Anatomy 2 (9 decks)

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