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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 18 Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolic Waste Products

A

 Potentially harmful substances to the body
* Must be eliminated
* Of no further use
* Can be harmful if allowed to accumulate
*Examples
* Carbon dioxide and water
* Nitrogenous wastes, primarily urea
*Bile salts and pigments
*Various salts

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2
Q

Routes for Waste Product Elimination

A

 Respiratory system
* Carbon dioxide, water vapor
 Sweat glands
* Water, salts, urea
 Digestive system
*Bile salts, pigments
 Urinary system
* Urea, salts, water, other soluble waste products

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3
Q

The Urinary System

A

 Single most important route for removal of waste products
* Removes nearly all soluble waste from blood
* Transports soluble waste out of the body
 Major route for elimination of excess water

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4
Q

Parts of the Urinary System

A

Kidneys (2)
Ureters (2)
Urinary bladder (1)
Urethra (1)

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5
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Kidney

A

 Nephron
 1 million nephrons per kidney
 Nephron = basic
functional unit
* Number varies with size
of the animal
* Composed of:
* Renal corpuscle
*Proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT)
* Loop of Henle
* Distal convoluted
tubule (DCT)

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6
Q

Kidney Functions

A

 Production of urine to facilitate elimination of metabolic waste materials
 Maintenance of homeostasis through:
*Blood filtration, reabsorption, secretion
* Fluid balance regulation
*Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -decreases urination, aldosterone
*Acid-base balance regulation
*Production of hormones
*Erythropoietin, prostaglandins
*Blood pressure regulation

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7
Q

The Kidneys Anatomy

A

 Located in dorsal abdominal area
*Ventral to first few lumbar vertebrae
* On either side of first few lumbar vertebrae
 Retroperitoneal to the abdominal cavity
 Surrounded by layer of peri-renal fat
 Right kidney more cranial than left (except pigs)

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8
Q

Gross Anatomy of Kidneys

A

 Renal cortex-
* Most of urine is formed
 Renal medulla
* Mostly collecting ducts that’s moving urine to Renal Pelvis
 Calyx
 Fibrous connective tissue capsule
 Hilus: indented area on medial side
* Ureters, nerves, blood and lymph vessels enter and leave
 Renal pelvis: funnel-shaped area inside hilus

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9
Q

Trace a Urea Molecule through the urinary system

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Right and left renal arteries
  3. Branch of the renal artery
  4. Afferent arteriole
  5. Renal corpuscle
  6. proximal convoluted tubule (reabsorption)
  7. Loop of Henle
  8. Distal convoluted tubule (secretion)
  9. Collecting duct (urine)
  10. Renal Pelvis
  11. Ureter
  12. urethra
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10
Q

Nephron

A

Structural and functional unit of the kidney

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11
Q

Glomerelus

A

A network of capillaries, inside the kidney, where the the blood is filtered

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12
Q

3 steps to urine formation

A
  1. Pressure filtration - Glomerulus
  2. Selective reabsorption - proximal convoluted tubule
    *sodium, h2o, glucose
  3. Tubular secretion- Distal convoluted tubule
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13
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

*Located in renal cortex Glomerulus surrounded by Bowman’s capsule
*Filters blood in first stage of urine production: glomerular
filtrate

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14
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

A

 Continuation of capsular space of Bowman’s capsule
 Reabsorption and secretion functions
 Glomerular filtrate now called tubular filtrate

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15
Q

Loop of Henle

A

 Continues from PCT, descends in medulla, makes a U-turn, and heads back into cortex
 Ascending wall becomes thicker again

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16
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

A

 Continuation of ascending loop of Henle
 DCTs from all nephrons in the kidney empty into collecting ducts
*Empty into renal pelvis
*Primary site of ADH action, and regulation of potassium and acid/base balance

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17
Q

Urine Formation Process

A

 Filtration – glomerulus
 Reabsorption – PCT
* Na+
* H2O
* Glucose, amino acids
* Other nutrients
 Secretion – DCT
*Ammonium
* H+
*Some antibiotics

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18
Q

Nerve Supply to the Kidney

A

 Primarily from sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system
* Not essential for kidney function
 Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of renal vessels
* Temporarily decreases urine function

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19
Q

Blood Supply to the Kidney

A

*Renal artery enters at hilus
*Subdivides to become series of afferent glomerular arterioles
*Afferent glomerular arterioles carry blood to renal corpuscle
*Glomerular capillaries filter some plasma out of the blood: glomerular filtrate 7,4pH
*Peritubular capillaries
*Oxygen transfer to cells of nephron
*Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion occur at this level

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20
Q

The Ureters

A

 Tubes that exit the kidney and then connect to the urinary bladder
 Continuation of the renal pelvis
 Trigone: Arrangement of openings of ureters into bladder and opening from bladder into urethra
 Each ureter leaves its kidney at the hilus
 Composed of 3 layers:
* Outer fibrous layer
* Middle muscular layer
—Smooth muscle propels urine by peristalsis
*Inner epithelial layer
—Allows ureters to stretch when urine passes
through

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21
Q

Calyx

A

The periphery of the renal pelvis is interrupted by cuplike projections

22
Q

Ureters physiology

A

 Enter bladder at an oblique angle
 Openings collapse when bladder is full
*Prevent backup of urine into ureters

23
Q

The Urinary Bladder

A

*Stores urine as it is produced
*Releases urine periodically from the body
*The wall of the urinary bladder contains smooth muscle bundles that run lengthwise, obliquely, and in a circular direction collectively called the detrusor muscle
* Neck of bladder has circular sphincter muscles- voluntary control.

24
Q

Renal Artery Blood Pressure

A

120/80

25
Q

Anatomy of the Urinary Bladder

A

 Size and position vary depending on amount of
urine it contains
* Transitional epithelium stretches as bladder fills
with urine
* Detrusor muscle contracts to expel urine
 Circular sphincter muscles around neck of bladder
*Provides voluntary control over urination process
 2 parts:
-Muscular sac
-Neck

26
Q

Function of the Urinary Bladder

A

 Collect urine
*Kidneys constantly produce urine
 Store urine
 Release urine

27
Q

Uresis

A

Other terms-Urination, Micturition
 Expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder into the urethra for elimination from the body
 2-3 steps in process:
* Urine accumulation
* Muscle contraction
*Sphincter muscle control

28
Q

Control of Urination

A

 Urine accumulation
*Bladder constantly accumulates urine
*Stretch receptors in bladder wall are activated
*Pressure of filling bladder reaches certain trigger point
 Muscle contraction
*Spinal reflex is activated
* Motor impulse sent to detrusor muscle
*Smooth muscle in bladder wall contracts
*Bladder emptied if animal is not housebroken

29
Q

Urinary Sphincter muscle control

A

*Voluntary control of sphincter around neck of bladder offers temporary control of urination
* The fuller the bladder, the more pressure on the sphincter muscle
*Eventually the sphincter muscle relaxes
* Urine is released

30
Q

The Urethra

A

*Continuation of the neck of the bladder
*Carries urine from bladder to the external environment
* Runs through pelvic canal

31
Q

Comparative Anatomy of the Urethra

A

 Female urethra
*Shorter and straighter
* Opens on floor (ventral portion) of vestibule of the vulva
* Lined with transitional epithelium which allows it to expand
 Male urethra
* Longer and curved
* Runs along the ventral aspect of the penis
* Lined with transitional epithelium which allows it to expand

32
Q

Male Urethra

A
  • Longer and curved
  • Has both urinary and reproductive functions
    – Goes through the prostrate gland
  • Carries urine or semen
33
Q

Canine Female Urethra

A

*Shorter, straighter, wider in diameter
**Strictly a urinary function
* Carries only urine

34
Q

Filtration of Blood

A

In Glomerulus
 Glomerular capillaries contain many large fenestrations in capillary endothelium
* Fenestrations not large enough to allow blood cells or large proteins to pass through
 High blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces some plasma out of the capillaries and into the capsular space of Bowman’s capsule
 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): how fast plasma is filtered through glomerulus

35
Q

Reabsorption (urinary)–

A

In Proximal Convoluted Tubule - in PCT
 Substances to be reabsorbed pass out of the tubular lumen through or between tubular epithelial cells
 Substances to be reabsorbed then enter interstitial fluid and pass through endothelium into peritubular capillaries

36
Q

Sodium and Glucose Reabsorption (kidneys)

A

 Sodium in tubular filtrate attaches to carrier protein that moves it into the cytoplasm of the PCT epithelial cell
 Glucose and amino acids attach to same carrier protein and follow sodium into the cell by passive transport (sodium co-transport)

37
Q

Reabsorption of Other Minerals (Kidneys)

A

 Potassium and calcium reabsorbed in the PCT, ascending loop of Henle, and DCT
* Calcium moves under influence of Vitamin D, PTH, and calcitonin
 Magnesium reabsorbed from PCT, ascending loop of Henle, and the collecting duct
*PTH increases its reabsorption

38
Q

A WET BED

A

Functions of the kidney:
Acid/base balance
Water removal
Erythropoiesis
Toxin Removal
Blood pressure control
Electrolyte balance
D (vitamin) activation

39
Q

Secretion (kidney) –

A

 Primarily occurs in the DCT (distal convoluted tubule)
 Hydrogen, potassium, and ammonia are eliminated by secretion
 Some medications are also eliminated from the body by secretion

40
Q

Urine pH

A

 Plasma pH – 7.4
 Glomerular filtrate pH – 7.4
 Urine pH – “It depends”
* Carnivores - less than 7
* Herbivores - greater than 7

41
Q

Urine Volume Regulation

A

 Urine volume is determined by amount of water contained in tubular filtrate when it reaches the renal pelvis
 Controlled by actions of 2 hormones
* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
*If absent, polyuria results
*Aldosterone - regulating sodium

42
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure

A

 Kidneys help maintain homeostasis by their role in regulating blood pressure
* Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system responds when blood pressure falls
* Renin is released, and splits enzyme angiotensin
*Increased amounts of sodium and water reabsorbed back into bloodstream, causing an increase in blood volume
*As blood volume increases, so does blood pressure

43
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

*Filtration of blood occurs in the renal corpuscle.
*glomerular capillaries found between two arterioles have a high blood pressure.
*high blood pressure forces some of the plasma out of the capillaries
– into the capsular space of Bowman’s capsule.
– transfer of plasma out of the glomerular capillaries is helped by the presence of many fenestrations
– The fluid that leaves through these fenestrations is called the glomerular filtrate
— is similar to plasma except that it contains virtually no proteins.
–Larger molecules that cannot fit through the fenestrations will stay in the bloodstream.

44
Q

Renal threshold

A

*The nephron has a specific reabsorptive capability for each substance, known as the renal threshold.
*The renal threshold varies between species.
*A substance that isn’t reabsorbed travels through
the remainder of the nephron, enters the collecting ducts, and will result in a lack of homeostasis

45
Q

glycosuria

A

glucose in urine

46
Q

Polyuria

A

(PU) – Production of an excessive volume of urine

47
Q

Polydipsia

A

(PD) – excessive thirst; drinking increased amounts of water to
balance the amount of water in the body

48
Q

Urolithiasis

A

an abnormal condition characterized by the presence of urinary tract stones; can occur anywhere in the urinary system

49
Q

Uremia

A

– urine in the blood. Refers to a buildup of waste material, especially urea, in the blood because of insufficient removal by the kidneys

50
Q

Urine production

A

The amount of urine produced depends on the flow of blood through the kidneys.
*Approximately ¼ of total cardiac output passes through the kidneys every minute.
–In other words, in 4-5 min, the animal’s total blood volume will have passed through the renal circulation.
▪ Approximately 90% of the renal blood flow directs itself outward into the cortex and glomerular tufts to bto be filtered. ▪The remaining 10% perfuses and nourishes the kidney tissue

51
Q

ADH

A

plays the most important role in regulating urine volume.
*acts on DCT and collecting ducts to promote water reabsorption and prevent water loss from the body.

52
Q

Aldosterone

A

*Increases reabsorption of sodium into the bloodstream in the DCT and the collecting duct.
*This causes an osmotic imbalance and encourages water to follow the sodium out of the tubular filtrate and into the blood
▪ The hitch is that water cannot move out of the DCT and collecting ducts unless sufficient ADH control is present

Anatomy 2 (9 decks)

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