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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 14 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

ATP

A

AEROBIC respiration
* Glucose + Oxygen -> Water + Carbon Dioxide + 36 to 38
ATP

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2
Q

The Cardiovascular System – big picture

A

Pump – the heart
Pipes – blood vessels
 What is pumped?
*Blood cells
* Nutrients
* O2, CO2, H2O
* Waste molecules
* Hormones, antibodies

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3
Q

The Cardiovascular System Physiology - big picture

A

 Blood continuously flows around animal’s body through the heart
 Propelled by the pumping heart
 Blood vessels – 5 kinds

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4
Q

Heart Location

A

Located in middle of the thoracic cavity
*In the space between the 2 lungs = mediastinum
 Apex shifted to left
 Sits more ventrally

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5
Q

Heart Coverings

A

 Pericardium = fibrous sac containing the heart
*Pericardial sac
*Serous pericardium
*Visceral layer
*Parietal layer
 Pericardial space is filled with pericardial fluid

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6
Q

Heart Layers

A

3 layers in the wall:
Epicardium - outer
Myocardium - middle
Endocardium covers papillary muscles - inner

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7
Q

Heart – 2 Pumps

A

 Right ventricle
* Thinner walled;
* Deoxygenated blood to lungs
 Left ventricle
* Thicker walled;
– the left ventricle must create a lot of pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout systemic circulation
* Oxygenated blood to body

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8
Q

Heart External Physiology

A

 Auricles – largest and most visible parts of atria
* Blind pouches that come off the atria
 Left ventricle – long and narrow, thick-walled, terminates at apex of heart
 Right ventricle –broader surface area; wraps around left ventricle
 Borders of ventricles are separated by interventricular sulci
* Contain fat and blood vessels that are part of coronary circulation
* Formed by interatrial septum and interventricular septum
 Base of the heart at rounded cranial end
 Apex of heart at more pointed caudal end

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9
Q

Internal Parts of the Heart

A

 4 Chambers
* 2 Atria
* 2 Ventricles
 Septum
 4 Valves
* 2 Atrioventricular valves
(A-V valves)
* Chordae tendinae & papillary muscles
* 2 Semilunar valves

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10
Q

Cardiac
Valves

A

4 one-way valves control blood flow through the heart
Chordae tendinae prevent valves from opening backwards
right atrioventricular valve
—usually has three flaps and is therefore known as the tricuspid valve - however in dogs and cats only has 2 flaps
— left atrioventricular valve- usually has only two flaps and is thus known as the bicuspid valve (or mitral valve).
—pulmonary valve- pulmonary artery exits the right ventricle
—aortic valve -blood exiting the left ventricle is the aorta

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11
Q

Blood Supply to the Heart

A

 Coronary arteries
*Branch off aorta
 Coronary veins
* Coronary sinus drains into right atrium

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12
Q

Nerve Supply to the Heart

A

Cardiac muscle creates its own contractions and relaxations
 Nerve supply to heart
* Not essential
*Serves a purpose
*Example: external motor stimulation to accommodate increased oxygen demands to certain tissues

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13
Q

The Cardiac Cycle

A

 One heartbeat is produced
 One cycle of atrial and ventricular contraction followed by relaxation
*Systole = myocardium contracting, “working”
* Diastole = myocardium relaxing and repolarizing
 Each chamber goes through systole and diastole
* not at the same time

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14
Q

Normal Heart Sounds

A

 Produced by heart valves snapping shut
 One cardiac cycle produces two distinct heart sounds
* “Lub” after atrial systole
* Tricuspid and mitral valves snap shut
*“Dub” after ventricular systole
*Pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut
(left and right 5th intercostal space) - dogs and cats
Between the second and sixth ribs - ruminants and horses
- heart sounds is closing of a valve, two beat: lub (AV valves close) dub - (semilunar valves close)

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15
Q

Abnormal Heart Sounds

A

 Extra sounds heard when the 2 AV valves or 2 semilunar valves are not closing simultaneously
 Valvular insufficiency
* One or more valves don’t close all the way
* Murmur
 Valvular stenosis
* One or more valves won’t open all the way
* Murmur

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16
Q

Pulse

A

Rate of alternating stretching and recoiling of elastic fibers in an artery as blood passes through with each heartbeat
 Auscultation is not a true pulse
– gotten from veins
 Rate equal to heart rate in healthy animals
 Most often felt on superficial arteries lying against firm surfaces (bones)
*Best felt on different arteries in different species
*Best felt over a medium artery
 Generally large animals have slower pulses, and small animals have faster pulses

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17
Q

Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

A

 Modified cardiac muscle, not nervous tissue
 SA node
 AV node
 AV Bundle (Bundle of His)
 Purkinje fibers (conduction myofibers)

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18
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

A

 Pacemaker of the heart
 Located in right atrium
 Generates electrical impulses that trigger repeated beating of the heart
 Cells of the SA node have different “channels” in the cell membrane that transport sodium, calcium, and potassium in or out of the cell
-Such movements change the difference in electrical charges across the cell membrane
–a process called polarization

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19
Q

SA Node -> AV Node

A

First part of nerve impulse through heart
 Impulse generated at SA node travels from one muscle cell to the next
* Wave pattern
*Initially causes both atria to contract
*Blood pushed through AV valves into ventricles
 Impulse also travels quickly down the muscle fibers to the atrioventricular node (AV node)
 cells have an inherent ability to generate an electrical current, a process called self-excitation

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20
Q

AV Node -> AV Bundle -> Purkinje Fibers

A

Next part of nerve impulse through heart (after starting in SA node)
 Electrical impulse then spreads through the AV
Bundle (Bundle of His (pronounced hiss))
* Fibers in the ventricles
* Travels down the interventricular septum to the
bottom of the ventricles
 Purkinje fibers carry impulses from the Bundle of
His up into the ventricular myocardium.

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21
Q

Electrocardiograms (EKG’s, ECG’s)

A

 Definition
*A technological view of electrical activity of the heart during the cardiac cycle
 P wave
- Atria are stimulated to contract
– looks short, rounded and similar to T wave
– Atrial depolarization
 R wave
– actually full cycle is QRS wave
—Ventricular depolarization
— Purkinje fibers
– Quick, peaked higher than P and T wave
 T wave
– ventricular repolarization
– looks short, rounded and similar but longer than P wave

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22
Q

Reasons for ECG’s

A

 To evaluate anatomic heart changes
* Chronic heart disease
*Sudden acute trauma
 Preventive medicine – older patients
*“Geriatric screen”
*Pre-anesthesia exam
 Evaluate cardiac therapy (digitalis drugs)
 Evaluate prognosis of heart disease
 Monitoring during anesthesia and surgery

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23
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during one contraction

 Represents strength of the heartbeat
 Determined by 2 factors
*Preload
*Afterload
 Can also be affected by length of cardiac muscle cells

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24
Q

Heart Rate

A

 Normal rate for each species is set internally
* Rate of spontaneous SA node depolarization
* Heart rate of large animals is slower
* Heart rate of small animals is faster
 Outside control comes through autonomic nervous
system

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25
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

 Volume of blood that is ejected out of the left ventricle over a unit of time, usually a minute
 Determined by:
*Stroke volume (SV) = systolic discharge
* Heart rate (HR)
 calculation: CO = SV × HR (Know this)

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26
Q

Cardiac Output Examples

A

 Influence of autonomic nervous system:
*“Fight or flight” response – sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine; stroke volume and heart rate increase
* General anesthesia – parasympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine; stroke volume and heart rate decrease

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27
Q

List Blood Vessels

A

ARTERIES
ARTERIOLES
CAPILLARIES
VENULES
VEINS

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28
Q

Arteries/Arterioles

A

 transportation!
 Carry blood away from the heart
* Deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation
–Pulmonary circulation
* Oxygenated blood throughout the body
–Systemic circulation
 Usually come in pairs
 2 types
*Elastic
*Aorta is largest elastic artery -
—The major artery of the systemic circulation, it receives blood from the left ventricle.
* Muscular
*Arterioles are smallest branches of arterial tree

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29
Q

Capillaries

A

 Exchange
 Microscopic blood vessels from branching arterioles
- smallest
 Occur in groups called capillary beds or networks
 Walls are one endothelial cell thick
*Exchange of gases and nutrients occurs at this level

30
Q

Veins/Venules

A

 transportation!
 Carry blood toward the heart
* Oxygenated blood from the lungs
—Pulmonary circulation
* Deoxygenated blood and waste materials from throughout the body
—Systemic circulation
 Capillaries join together to form venules
*Venules join together to form veins
 One-way valves and muscular movements
 All systemic veins drain into vena cava

31
Q

Comparing Veins and Arteries

A

 Veins
* Carry blood toward the heart
* Major veins
* Vena cava
—Deoxygenated blood
* Pulmonary vein
—Oxygenated blood

 Arteries
* Carry blood away from the heart
* Major arteries
* Aorta
—Oxygenated blood
* Pulmonary artery
—Deoxygenated blood

32
Q

Physiology of Blood Vessels

A

 Smooth muscle in walls of most blood vessels
 Constriction and relaxation allows the vascular system to direct blood to different regions of the body under different circumstances

33
Q

Blood Pressure

A

 Measurement of the amount of pressure that flowing blood exerts on arterial walls
 Dependent upon interactions with:
* Heart rate
*Stroke volume
* Diameter and elasticity of the artery
* Total blood volume
 Varies during the cardiac cycle
*Systolic blood pressure = highest number - the force by which blood is ejected from the left ventricle during systole.
* Diastolic blood pressure = lowest number
* Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = average pressure during one cardiac cycle

34
Q

Blood Circulation in the Fetus

A

 Fetus receives oxygen from the blood of its mother
* Lungs not used for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange
* Lungs need only enough blood to keep growing tissues alive
 Oxygen received from mother’s placenta
* Through the umbilical vein
 After first breath after birth
* Lungs inflate and newborn oxygenates its own blood
* Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close so that blood no longer bypasses the lungs

35
Q

Venipuncture – Canine/Feline

A

 Cephalic vein: cranio-medial aspect of forelimb
 Femoral (medial saphenous) vein: medial aspect of hind limb
 Saphenous: lateral aspect of hind limb

36
Q

External Jugular Veins (All species)

A

*Ventral aspect of each side of the neck in the jugular groove
* Close to the carotid arteries
* Care must be taken to avoid accidental injection into the carotid artery

37
Q

Heart Anatomy

A

Located in the thoracic cavity within the mediastinum.
-surrounded by a sac called the pericardium (two layers)
—outer fibrous pericardium
—– Attached to diaphragm
— inner serous pericardium
—- Visceral and parietal layer
— pericardial fluid- lubricates heart
-Myocardium is the muscle of the heart (most of heart’s mass)
—lining inside of myocardium is the endocardium
-Cardiac muscle cells are called myocytes.
—Myocytes are connected to each other with intercalated disks and desmosomes.

38
Q

4 Chambers of heart

A

Two dorsal chambers closer to the spine - atria
Two ventral chambers closer to the sternum - ventricles

In most domestic animal
– heart sits slightly skewed so the right ventricle and right atrium sit slightly cranial to the left ventricle and left atrium.
– Chambers of animals’ hearts are given the same names as those in people. (left ventricle, right ventricle, left atria, right atria)

39
Q

Atria

A

Receive blood from large veins
Force blood (by one way valves) into ventricles
Smaller and less muscular than the ventricles
Divided by interatrial septum
Identified by auricles

40
Q

Ventricles

A

Force blood, through one-way valves, into arteries
- Right ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary circulation through the artery.
—- Rt ventricle wall is thinner
- Left ventricle pumps lood into systemic circulation through the aorta
Together form the atrioventricular septum
interventricular septum

41
Q

auricles

A

Small pouches on atria that look like ear flaps

42
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

cords of fibrous tissue that anchor the tips of the flaps to papillary muscles,

43
Q

Skeleton of heart

A

The cardiac skeleton consists of four rings of dense connective tissue that surround the AV canals (mitral and tricuspid) and extend to the origins of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk, providing structure and support for the heart as well as electrical isolation between the atria and the ventricles.

44
Q

Blood flow heart circulatory systems (big picture)

A

Two separate circulatory systems
-systemic circulation: all cells of the body
— Left side of heart
-pulmonary circulation: blood supply that goes to the lungs
— Right side of heart- systemic circulation. Blood to the body

45
Q

Follow a drop of blood

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Tricuspid valve
  3. Right ventricle – pumps deoxygenated blood up into the pulmonary arteries
  4. Pulmonary valve
  5. Pulmonary arteries bifurcate going to each lung with deoxygenated blood – they are the only arteries in the body carrying deoxygenated blood
  6. Pulmonary arterioles
  7. Capillaries of the lungs where blood becomes oxygenated – CO2 is given off to lungs and O2 brought into capillaries
  8. Venules
  9. Pulmonary veins - 2 from each lung – they are the only veins in the body carrying oxygenated blood. All four of these pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium
    10.Left atrium
    11.Mitral valve
    12.Left ventricle (aka “work horse”) – it is a lot thicker than the right ventricle because it has to pump oxygenated blood to every cell in the body
    13.Aortic valve – located between the left ventricle and aorta
    14.Aorta – bifurcates; one part going to the anterior part of the body and one going to the posterior part of the body. The descending aorta bifurcates into many arteries with 120/80 blood pressure.
    15.Arteries – which bifurcate into lots of arterioles
    16.Arterioles
    17.Tissue capillaries – this is where blood becomes deoxygenated because all of the oxygen leaves the capillaries to go into the cells of the animal’s body
    18.Venules
    19.Veins – veins come together until we have the caudal vena cava and cranial vena cava
    20.Caudal and Cranial vena cava
    21.Right atrium – starts again – go back to number 1
46
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Blood returns to heart through the pulmonary vein from lungs
- empties into the left atrium.
Contraction of the left atrium pushes blood
—through mitral valve into the left ventricle,
Left ventricle contracts
—- pumps blood through the aortic valve into the aorta
Blood moves into systemic circulation.

47
Q

What can Affect Heart Regulation

A

*electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium affect the ability of the cardiac cells—especially the SA and AV nodes—to initiate autonomous electrical activity.
*Several nerves can speed up or slow down the heart rate by stimulating the SA node to increase or decrease the pacemaker’s rate of firing.
*Hormones can also alter the rate and strength of cardiac contractions.

48
Q

Cardiac Conduction System Physiology

A

Electrical signals begin in the right atrium
-in the SA node
—-Channels of SA Node change electrical charges as they transport sodium, calcium, and potassium in or out of the cell.
—The changes in the electrical current generate an electrical current that’s then transmitted through atrial muscle fibers
—–a relatively slow process.
The process continues more quickly along, called internodal pathway
— this carries the signal throughout the right and left atria.
— atrial muscle fibers contract as the electrical impulse reaches them
—The internodal pathways carry the signal to the AV node.
Electrical impulses are slowed as they move through the AV node.
-the atria empty into the ventricles
ventricles are signaled to contract.
—the atrioventricular (AV) bundle conducts the signal into the ventricles. After entering the ventricles,
—AV bundle branches out into right and left Purkinje fibers traveling through the right and left ventricles.
The signal is carried rapidly to the apex of the heart
Purkinje fibers branch out into the ventricular muscle.
—ventricular contraction at the apex of the heart causes the ventricle to contract in the ventral-to-dorsal direction
— blood is squeezed up to the base from the apex.
— blood exits each ventricle through the appropriate artery

49
Q

internodal pathway

A

fibers within the atrial wall

-connection between the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node in the right atrium of the heart.

50
Q

systole

A

The contraction phase of the heartbeat that occurs as the current travels around the heart

51
Q

diastole

A

All cells that undergo polarization must undergo repolarization (where the electrolytes’ differences across the cell membrane return to normal) before the next depolarization can occur. During repolarization, the cardiac muscle cells relax, and the chambers enlarge and fill with blood

52
Q

Capillaries

A

tiny vessels that form a network to supply blood to the body’s tissues
Essentially, the capillary wall is composed only of endothelial cells.
Capillaries allow the exchange of gases, fluids, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the cells of that tissue
Branch out from arterioles
Eventually, the capillaries fuse together to join the venous side of the capillary bed.

53
Q

mesenteric vein system

A

in which multiple veins from the intestines collectively join together and form the portal vein. The portal vein empties into the liver, where the blood is filtered and detoxified. Blood from the liver is drained by the hepatic vein, which empties into the caudal vena cava.

54
Q

Fetal circulation

A

The most important difference between fetal circulation and mature circulation is that the fetal lungs are shrunken, collapsed, and empty of air; therefore, they don’t function. Because the lungs are incapable of gas exchange, the fetus relies on the placenta, the membrane attaching the fetus to the mother’s uterus, for gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange.

Blood is carried from the fetus by the umbilical arteries to the placenta, where the fetal blood gets rid of carbon dioxide and wastes and picks up oxygen and nutrients. Blood from the placenta is carried via the umbilical vein through the liver and to the right atrium.

55
Q

foramen ovale

A

A feature of fetal circulation
- a hole between the left and right atria of the heart. This hole exists before birth, but most often closes shortly after being born.

56
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

A feature of fetal circulation
- an opening connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta, so blood pumped from the right ventricle travels from the pulmonary artery into the aorta, again bypassing the lungs.

57
Q

coronary circulation

A

Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle (myocardium). Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. Cardiac veins then drain away the blood after it has been deoxygenated.

58
Q

Purkinje fiber

A

conduct electrical impulses within cardiac muscle

59
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular node
-Gateway through which electrical impulses pass
located between an atrium and a ventricle.
right AV valve is the tricuspid valve
left AV valve is the mitral valve.

60
Q

SA Node

A

Sinoatrial Node
- where normal electrical impulses in the heart originate.
- also called cardiac pacemaker
-located upper wall of right atrium

61
Q

Atrium

A

The heart chamber that receives blood from the large veins.
Right atrium receives blood from the vena cava
left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein.

62
Q

Interatrial septum:

A

The “wall” of myocardium that separates the left and right atria of the heart.

63
Q

Mediastinum

A

The space in the thorax between the lungs that contains the trachea, esophagus, heart, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and major blood vessels

64
Q

Semilunar valves:

A

Another name (based on their halfmoon shapes) for the pulmonary and aortic valves.

65
Q

Interventricular groove

A

The fat-filled groove on the outside of the heart that corresponds to the location of the interventricular septum.

66
Q

carotid artery

A

Supplies blood to the head

67
Q

The pulmonic and aortic valves close when pressure in the

A

ventricles drops lower than the pressure in the arteries they supply.

68
Q

Preload

A

The preload is the amount of blood the ventricle receives from the atrium;

69
Q

Afterload

A

**Physical resistance by artery the ventricle is ejecting blood into

70
Q

Animal Pulse Points

A

Dog- Femoral artery
Cat- femoral artery
Cow- coccygeal artery or facial artery
Horse - mandibular artery or posterior digital artery
Sheep - femoral artery
Pig - coccygeal artery
Piglet - femoral artery

71
Q

Ways to evaluate the heart

A

▪ Auscultation of the thorax to determine heart rate and rhythm, and to detect heart murmurs
▪ Periphery artery palpation to evaluate rate, regularity, and strength of pulse
▪ Measurement of arterial blood pressure to evaluate cardiac output
▪ Thoracic radiography to evaluate the size and position of the heart
▪ Electrocardiography to evaluate the electrical activity of the heart

Anatomy 2 (9 decks)

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