CHAPTER 19- GENETIC TECHNOLOGY 🤎 Flashcards
AS level recap
-Define DNA and a gene
-State two features of genetic material
-Draw and describe the structure of a nucleotide, state the relationship between a nucleotide and DNA
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AS level recap
-State the Nitrogen-containing bases found in DNA and DNA
-Give two types of nitrogenous bases
-List all pyrimidines and purines & state their characteristics
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AS level recap
-Describe the structure of DNA (5)
-Draw two separate diagrams showing the structure of a polynucleotide and anti-parallel strands
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AS level recap
-State which phase of the cell cycle DNA replication takes place in
-Describe the process of DNA replication including all necessary enzymes (3)
-State why DNA replication is considered semi-conservative
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AS level recap
-What is a genetic code?
-Describe four features of the genetic code
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AS level recap
-Summarise the process of protein synthesis in two sentences
-Explain the concept of transcription, describe the process of transcription including all necessary enzymes (2)
-Explain the process of splicing in transcription
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AS level recap
-Define translation and state where it takes place
-Explain the process of translation including all necessary enzymes, use the diagram in your notes to showcase your understanding of translation
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AS level recap
-Define gene mutation
-Define three kinds of gene mutation and their effects
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A level content
-Define genetic engineering, state what it involves then state what is formed in this process
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Define the terms: recombinant DNA (rDNA) and genetically modified organism (GMO)
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Describe the five steps involved in gene transfer to produce a GMO (including all necessary key terms)
-Describe the three items found in a ‘tool kit’ for producing a GMO
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Briefly define the following terms: PCR, vector, plasmids, liposomes, marker genes
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State what a restriction enzyme (restriction endonuclease) is
-Thoroughly explain the role of restriction enzymes in the transfer of a gene into an organism (use all necessary keywords in your explanation e.g palindrome and sticky ends)
-State the formula for finding the number of fragments formed by restriction enzymes
-Briefly state how the different lengths of DNA formed can be separated from one another AND copied
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Explain how DNA can be synthesized directly from nucleotides
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Give an overview of your understanding of plasmids (what they are, their role, their genes, their use, how they are used)
-Explain in detail how a plasmid is obtained from a bacterial cell
-Thoroughly explain the role of DNA ligase in the process of obtaining a plasmid
-Explain how the plasmid obtained is gotten into the bacteria
-Thoroughly explain how bacteria with recombinant DNA (rDNA) can be identified using DNA polymerase (include the definition of gene cloning and a recombinant protein in your explanation)
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Throughly explain the role of reverse transcriptase in gene transfer into an organism (use all necessary keywords in your explanation)
-Explain the process of reverse transcription in five steps
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Define a recombinant protein
-Explain what diabetes is and how genetic engineering can be used in the treatment of diabetes
-Thoroughly describe the procedure involved in producing insulin from genetically modified bacteria (break this procedure down into three steps) (involves all necessary enzymes in your explanation)
-State two more recent, alternative methods of making recombinant human insulin and explain why these methods are advantageous
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Define marker genes
-Explain how gene expression can be confirmed by the use of marker genes coding for fluorescent products
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Define a promoter, gene expression, RNA polymerase, Insulin, beta-galactosidase and transcription factors
-Explain the use of a promoter
-Showcase your understanding of a promoter using an example of a promoter in a genetically modified bacterial cell used to produce insulin
-Thoroughly explain why a promoter may have to be transferred into an organism along with the desired gene
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Define gene editing and state what it involves, define a genome
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State Crispr/Cas9 in full
-Explain the meaning of the words Crispr and cas9 separately (include the definitions of a nuclease enzyme and an endonuclease)
-Explain thoroughly how Crispr/Cas9 is used in gene editing (include a discussion surrounding gRNA and insertion)
-State some applications of Crispr/Cas9 to prokaryotic organisms
-State some differences between Cas9 and restriction proteins
-State two uses of Crispr/Cas9
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Define PCR (including the definition of automated and amplify) and state it’s use
-State five materials added to each tube in the PCR machine, what occurs after they are added to the tubes?
-Define a primer and state some of it’s characteristics
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By thoroughly describing seven steps, explain how gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments of different lengths
-Describe an alternative method of labeling probes
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State the three stages of PCR
-Explain each stage of PCR in detail then state what occurs after stage 3 (use the diagram in your notes if necessary)
-Describe the role of Taq polymerase in PCR (including why it is the suitable enzyme)
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