CHAPTER 12-RESPIRATION🤎 Flashcards
memorisation and understanding!
Explain three reasons why living organisms need energy, give examples where necessary
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Describe five features of ATP that make it suitable to be the universal energy currency
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Note: ATP is small and water soluble so it can move around A CELL
Describe the structure of ATP for three marks (AS level recap)
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Note: a nucleotide is a building block of DNA and RNA
Explain how AMP is formed from ATP including the necessary details (what occurs, type of reaction and amount of energy released)
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Note: purine (adenine) + pentose sugar and no phosphate group = ADENOSINE
-Only 14.2 Kjmol-1 of energy is released when adenosine monophosphate is hydrolysed to form adenosine
Summarise how ATP is synthesised in one sentence and define the two reactions involved in the synthesis of ATP
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Note: chemiosmosis involves the movement of H+ ions DOWN their concentration gradient (not against)
Name the four stages of aerobic respiration and state where each stage takes place
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Note: GLKO
-Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm outside of the mitochondria
Summarize then explain the glycolysis stage in detail including all necessary information and keywords (at the end, refer to the movement of the 3C molecule)
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Note: Glucose is phosphorylised to: be made active, become unstable, increase it’s energy level and maintain the concentration gradient
-the pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis CONTAINS ENERGY which is what allows it to move from the cytoplasm through the mitochondrial membrane and into the matrix by ACTIVE TRANSPORT (if O2 is present)
Using an equation, summarize then explain the link reaction in detail including all necessary information and keywords (include two roles of CoA)
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Note: the roles of CoA are:
-CARRIES and SUPPLIES acetyl groups (2C) which are required for the conversion of oxaloacetate (4C) and citrate
-acts as a HELPER molecule by enabling enzymes to catalyse the reaction without taking part in the reaction itself
Equation : Pyruvate (3C) + CoA + NAD —> AcetylCoA + CO2 + rNAD
Summarize then explain the Krebs cycle in detail including all necessary information and keywords
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Note: this is known as a circular pathway because Oxaloacetate is regenerated to combine with another acetyl co-enzyme A
NC NC II A F N
Summarize then explain the concept of oxidative phosphorylation in detail including all necessary information and keywords
-Explain the role of NAD and FAD in oxidative phosphorylation
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Note: at the beginning of oxidative phosphorylation, rNAD and rFAD first enter the matrix THEN enter the inner membrane of the mitochondria, the hydrogen atoms they are carrying are then removed and transferred to carriers
-Energy is released by: the transfer of electrons along the ETC & the movement of protons (by F.D) through protein channels made up of ATP synthase
Draw and label parts of a mitochondrion, describe a few (3) features of this cell organelle (AS level recap)
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Note: a mitochondrion is flexible (can change it’s shape) and is about 0.5-1 micrometer in diameter
*Describe the relationship between the structure and function of the mitochondria (6 marks)
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Note: the inner membrane is the site of the electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)
*Explain why the energy yield from aerobic respiration is much greater than the energy yield from anaerobic respiration (4 marks)
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*Outline the process of anaerobic respiration in mammals (lactate fermentation) including where it takes place and it’s process (use a diagram if necessary)
-State how ATP is generated through lactate fermentation
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*how ATP is generated (2)
*Outline the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast cells (ethanol fermentation) including where it takes place and it’s process (use a diagram if necessary)
-State how ATP is generated through ethanol fermentation
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*how ATP is generated (2)
*Explain how rice plants are adapted for survival in water (4 marks)
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*Explain the differences in the relative energy values of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as respiratory substrates (4 marks)
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*Define respiratory quotients (3 marks)
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*Calculate the RQ value for aerobic respiration using the balanced equation
-State the RQ values for lipids and carbohydrates and state the reason for the difference in these values
-Write out the two balanced equations for anaerobic respiration
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Describe an investigation used to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration AND to determine the RQ (respiratory quotient) of germinating seeds
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Describe an investigation used to determine the effect of temperature and substrate concentration on the rate of respiration of yeast (redox indicators like DCPIP and methylene blue are used)
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