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COM MOD 2.2 Bacteria 1 > Chapter 1.9 Enterics > Flashcards

Chapter 1.9 Enterics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shape of enterics?

A

Gram-negative

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2
Q

Where are the enterics normally located?

A

In the normal intestinal flora

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3
Q

What are the main groups of enterics?

A

Enterobacteriaceae, vibrionaceae, pseudomonadaceae, and bacteroidaceae

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4
Q

What can contaminate water to cause disease from enterics?

A

Feces

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5
Q

What bacteria is found in contaminated fecal water?

A

E. Coli which is normally only found in the intestine and not outside of the body

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6
Q

How can lactose help with E.coli findings?

A

If lactose if fermented, gas is produces and the dye is visualized– then E. Coli is in the water

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7
Q

What color is E.coli on a streak EMB agar plate?

A

Metallic green sheen

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8
Q

What are the 3 major surface antigens of the enterics?

A

O antigen, K antigen, H antigen

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9
Q

What are the main 2 types of diseases caused by the enterics?

A

Diarrhea with or without systemic invasion

Infections of urinary tract, pneumonia, bacteremia, and sepsis

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10
Q

Who is most likely at risk for an infection from the enterics?

A

Hospitalized patients

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11
Q

What is the appearance of diarrhea when there is on cell invasion from the enterics?

A

Watery diarrhea without systemic symptoms- caused by enterotoxin that causes fluid and electrolyte loss from intestinal cells

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12
Q

What is the appearance of diarrhea that invades the intestinal epithelial cells from the enterics?

A

Red blood cell leakage into the stool from systemic immune response and local WBC infiltration

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13
Q

What enterics are associated with red blood cell leakage into the stool?

A

E. Coli, Shigella, and Salmonella enteritidis

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14
Q

What clinical manifestations are present when the enterics invade the lymph nodes and bloodstream?

A

Abdominal pain, diarrhea with red and white cells, systemic symptoms, lymph node enlargement, bacteremia, and sepsis

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15
Q

What are the systemic symptoms associated with invasion of the lymph nodes and bloodstream from the enterics?

A

Fever, headache, white blood cell count elevation

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16
Q

What are examples of the enterics that invade the lymph nodes and bloodstream?

A

Salmonella typhi, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni

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17
Q

How can the enterics invade debilitating patients in hospitals nursing homes?

A

Through Foley catheters in the urethra

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18
Q

What are examples of hospital-acquired gram-negative?

A

E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, enterobacter, serratia, and pseudomonas aeruginosa
*also called nosocomial gram-negatives

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19
Q

Where is E.coli normally present without causing disease?

A

Colon

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20
Q

What causes E.coli to become pathogenic and cause disease?

A

When it combines with virulence factors

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21
Q

What are the virulence factors associated with E.coli?

A

Mucosal interaction
Exotoxin production- shiga-like toxin, heat-labile and stable toxin
Endotoxin- lipid A of LPS
Iron binding siderophore

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22
Q

What diseases can be caused by E.coli?

A

Diarrhea, Urinary tract infection, Neonatal meningitis, Gram-negative sepsis

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23
Q

Who can E.coli diarrhea affect?

A

Infants or adults

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24
Q

What is the usually cause of death from E.coli diarrhea?

A

Dehydration from water lost in stool

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25
Q

What is another name for E.coli diarrhea?

A

Travelers’ diarrhea

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26
Q

What are the 3 groups of diarrhea-producing E.coli?

A

EnteroToxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)
EnteroHemorrhagic E.Coli (EHE)
EnteroInvasive E.Coli (EIEC)

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27
Q

What toxins are associated with enterotoxigenic e.coli?

A

heat Labile Toxin (LT) and heat Stable Toxins (ST)

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28
Q

What is the clinical presentation of ETEC?

A

Severely watery diarrhea that looks like rise water

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29
Q

What toxin is secreted in enterohemorrhagic e.coli?

A

Shiga-like toxin (verotoxin)

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30
Q

What is the clinical presentation of someone with enterohemorrhagic e.coli?

A

Bloody (hemorrhagic) diarrhea and severe abdominal cramps

*called hemorrhagic colitis

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31
Q

How does hemolytic uremic syndrome relate to EHEC?

A

Associated with stain E.coli 0157:H7

Occurs secondary to infected hamburger meat at fast food chains

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of enteroinvasive e.coli?

A

Same as disease caused by shigella

EIEC can invade epithelial cells and produce Shiga-like toxin

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33
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of a person with EIEC?

A

Immune-mediated inflammatory reaction with fever
WBCs invade intestinal wall
Diarrhea is bloody with WBCs

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34
Q

What do different types of diarrhea from E.oli depend on?

A

Virulence acquisition from plasmids

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35
Q

How can E.coli for Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)?

A

Pili from E.coli allow travel through the urethra and infect the bladder (cystitis) and potentially the kidney (pyelonephritis)

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36
Q

What bacteria is the most common cause of UTIs?

A

E.coli usually in women and hospitalized patients with catheters

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37
Q

What are the patient symptoms of a UTI from E.coli?

A

Burning on urination (dysuria)
Having to pee frequently
Feeling of fullness in the bladder

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38
Q

What can E.coli cause in neonates in the first month of life?

A

Neonatal meningitis

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39
Q

How does E.coli sepsis occur?

A

Lipid A of LPS causes gram-negative sepsis in debilitated hospitalized patients

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40
Q

What type of pneumonia is caused by E.coli?

A

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

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41
Q

What diseases are caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?

A

Sepsis, urinary tract infections

42
Q

Who is most prone to Klebsiella pneumoniae?

A

Hospitalized patients and alcoholics

43
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a person with Klebsiella pneumoniae?

A

Bloody sputum *looks like red jelly

Lung tissue destruction producing cavities

44
Q

What is the function of Proteus mirabilis?

A

Breakdown urea

*often called urea-splitting Proteus

45
Q

What diseases can be caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?

A

Urinary tract infections and hospital-acquired infections

46
Q

What would a urine sample from a patient with Proteus mirabilis show?

A

Alkaline pH

47
Q

Where is enterobacter normally present?

A

Normal flora of intestinal tract

48
Q

What infection is associated with Enterobacter?

A

Hospital-acquired infections

49
Q

What infections are associated with Serratia?

A

Urinary tract infections, wound infections, and pneumoniaW

50
Q

What is the main notable characteristic of Serratia?

A

Bright red pigment

51
Q

What are the 4 types of Shigella?

A

Dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii, sonnei

52
Q

What are the main characteristics of Shigella?

A

Non-motile, no flagella, does not ferment lactose, does not produce H2S
*used to distinguish from e.coli (lactose fermenter) and salmonella (produces H2S)

53
Q

Where is Shigella found?

A

In preschool age children and nursing home populations

**Shigella is NEVER considered part of the normal intestinal flora– it is always a pathogen

54
Q

What exotoxin is released by Shigella?

A

Shiga toxin- causing cell destruction

55
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a person with Shigella?

A

Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea that contains bright red blood and pus

56
Q

What organisms are associated with the release of Shiga toxin?

A

Shigella, EHEC, and EIEC

57
Q

What are the characteristics of Salmonella?

A

Non-lactose fermenter, motile, and produces H2S

58
Q

What are the 3 groups of Salmonella?

A

Salmonella typhi, Salmonella cholerae-suits, and Salmonella enteritidis
*named according to the disease they cause

59
Q

How is Salmonella different from other enterics?

A

Lives in the GI tracts of animals and infects humans when there is contamination of food or water with animal feces
*except Salmonella typhi is NOT transmitted from animal to man

60
Q

What are the most common ways of getting Salmonella in the US?

A

Eating chickens and uncooked eggs

61
Q

What is zoonotic?

A

An infectious diseases of animals that can be transmitted to man

62
Q

What is unique about Salmonella typhi?

A

Not zoonotic and is carried only by humans

63
Q

What is the illness caused by Salmonella typhi?

A

Typhoid fever (enteric fever)

64
Q

What makes Salmonella a facultative intracellular parasite?

A

It invades the intestinal epithelial cells, lymph nodes and seeds multiple organ systems

65
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with Salmonella typhi?

A

Fever, headache, abdominal pain in lower right quadrant, diarrhea, rose spots on abdomen

66
Q

What are rose spots?

A

Transient rash of small pink marks seen on light-skinned people with typhoid fever

67
Q

Why is the story of Typhoid Mary important?

A

She was a carrier of typhoid fever and infected dozens of people that she cooked for

68
Q

What does the systemic effect of Salmonella choleraesuis occur?

A

Travels through bloodstream to infect the lungs, brain or bone
Does not involve the GI tract

69
Q

Who is particularly susceptible to Salmonella osteomyelitis?

A

Patients with sickle-cell anemia

70
Q

What is the most common type of Salmonella infection?

A

Salmonella diarrhea (gastroenteritis)

71
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with Salmonella diarrhea?

A

Nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea that is water or contains mucous and trace blood

72
Q

What is the shape of Yeresinia enterocolitica?

A

Motile gram-negative rod

73
Q

What disease is associated with Yersinia enterocolitica?

A

Acute gastroenteritis (diarrhea)

74
Q

What is the major source of Yersinia enterocolitica?

A

Animals from the transfer of fecal-oral route

75
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with Yersinia Enterocolitica?

A

Fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain in right lower quadrant after ingestion of contaminated food

76
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Yersinia enterocolitica?

A

Invasion and enterotoxin

77
Q

What is the shape of vibrio cholera?

A

Curved gram-negative rod with a single polar flagellum

78
Q

What is cholera?

A

Diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio Cholera

79
Q

How is cholera transmitted?

A

By fecal-oral route and fecal contamination foo water

80
Q

Who is primarily affected by cholera?

A

Adult travelers’ in the US and children in endemic areas

81
Q

What is the mechanism of vibrio cholera?

A

Attach to epithelial cells and release cholera toxin

82
Q

What is the toxin associated with cholera?

A

Choleragen

83
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a person infected with cholera?

A

Abrupt onset of watery diarrhea (rice water diarrhea)

84
Q

How can cholera cause death?

A

From dehydration

85
Q

What would a microscopic exam of stool show if the patient has cholera toxin?

A

Curved rods with fast darting movements and NO leukocytes

86
Q

What organism is involved with ingestion of uncooked seafood?

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

*leading cause of diarrhea in Japan

87
Q

What is the shape of Campylobacter Jejuni?

A

Gram-negative rod that has curved single polar flagellum

88
Q

Where is campylobacter jejuni found?

A

Wild and domestic animals and poultry from fecal-oral route via contaminated water
Unpasteurized milk

89
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient infected with campylobacter jejuni?

A

Start: Fever and headache

After a day: Abdominal cramps and bloody, loose diarrhea

90
Q

What is the most common organism to cause duodenal ulcers?

A

Helicobactor pylori

*second leading cause of stomach ulcers

91
Q

What diseases are associated with Helicobactor pylori?

A

Duodenal and gastric ulcers

Gastritis

92
Q

What kind of bacteria makes up 99% of the normal flora in our intestinal tract?

A

Obligate anaerobic gram-negative rods with the family Bacteroidaceae

93
Q

What are the characteristics of Bacteroides fragilis?

A

Gram-negative bacteria
Does NOT contain lipid A
No endotoxin

94
Q

What situation may Bacteroides fragilis become present?

A

Bullet tears into the intestine, seat belt laureates the intestine in a car wreck, abdominal surgery performed with bowel penetration, intestine ruptures
Then the bacteria goes into the peritoneal cavity

95
Q

What is formed when Bacteroides fragilis enters the peritoneal cavity?

A

Abscesses

96
Q

What are the components of an abscess?

A

Bacteria, white cells, and dead tissue

97
Q

Where does Bacteroides melaninogenicus normally live?

A

Mouth, vagina, intestine

98
Q

What disease is associated with Bacteroides melaninogenicus?

A

Necrotizing anaerobic pneumonia from aspiration of lots of sputum from the mouth causing periodontal disease

99
Q

What diseases are associated with Fusobacterium?

A

Periodontal disease, aspiration pneumonia, abdominal and pelvic abscesses, and otitis media

100
Q

What are the 2 gram-positive cocci anaerobes?

A

Peptostretococcus and Peptococcus

101
Q

Where are Peptostretococcus and Peptococcus normally found?

A

Flora of the mouth, vagina and intestine

COM MOD 2.2 Bacteria 1 (12 decks)

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