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COM MOD 2.2 Bacteria 1 > Chapter 1.11 Haemophilus, Bordetella, And Legionella > Flashcards

Chapter 1.11 Haemophilus, Bordetella, And Legionella Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gram-negative rods?

A

Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, and Legionella pneumophilia
*grouped together because they are acquired though the respiratory tract

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2
Q

What is the meaning of haemophilus influenzae?

A

Haemophilus- “blood loving”- this organism requires blood-containing medium for growth
Influenzae- attacks people with viral influenza infection

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3
Q

What type of organism is haemophilus influenzae?

A

Obligate human parasite transmitted via respiratory route

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4
Q

What are the major subtypes of haemophilus influenzae?

A

A, b, c, d, e, f

  • type b is associated with invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in children such as meningitis, epiglottitis, and septic arthritis
  • capsule b = bad
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5
Q

What patients have frequent infections with nontypeable H. Influenzae?

A

COPD patients which then get worsening of wheezing, shortness of breath, and cough

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6
Q

What is the most serious infection caused by encapsulated haemophilus influenzae?

A

Meningitis- caused by type b

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7
Q

What is the clinical presentation of an infant with meningitis from haemophilus influenzae type b?

A

Nonspecific signs- fever, vomiting, and altered mental status

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8
Q

What are the 3 bacteria responsible for most meningitis acquired by the baby coming out the birth canal?

A

Listeria monocytogenes, E.coli, and Group B Streococus

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9
Q

What 2 bacteria cause meningitis later in life of an infant (6mo.-2 years)?

A

Neisseria meningitides and Haemophilus influenzae

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10
Q

How does Haemophilus influenzae cause acute epiglottitis?

A

H. Influenzae type b amuses rapid swelling of the epiglottis, obstructing the respiratory system and esophagus.

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11
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a child with acute epiglottitis from Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Sore throat, fever, severe upper airway wheezing (stridor), excessive saliva out of mouth, and unable to swallow

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12
Q

What organism is the most common cause of septic arthritis in infants?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type b

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13
Q

What is affected with septic arthritis caused by Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Single joint is usually affected

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14
Q

What is the clinical presentation septic arthritis from Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Infant with fever, pain, swelling, and decreased mobility of the joint

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15
Q

What does a gram stain show for septic arthritis from Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Pleomorphic gram-negative rod

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16
Q

What is the clinical presentation of children with sepsis from Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and no evidence of localized disease

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17
Q

What is the most important organ in fighting off infection by encapsulated bacteria?

A

Spleen

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18
Q

What disease is caused from Haemophilus ducreyi?

A

Sexually transmitted disease called chancroid

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19
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a patient with chancroid from Haemophilus ducreyi?

A

Painful genital ulcer, unilateral painful inguinal lymph node that could rupture and release pus

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20
Q

What organism causes syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

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21
Q

How is an ulcer from syphilis different than an ulcer from Haemophilus ducreyi?

A

Syphilis ulcer- painless and associated with bilateral, painless, and nonsupperlative (no pus)
Haemophilus ducreyi ulcer- painful genital ulcer

22
Q

What is the organism that causes herpes?

A

Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2

23
Q

What is the clinical appearance of herpetic lesions?

A

Blisters that can rupture and be painful

Usually accompanied by systemic symptoms of myalgias and fevers

24
Q

What is the difference between chancroid and herpes lesion?

A

Chancroid does not produce systemic symptoms

Herpes- does produce systemic symptoms

25
Q

What are the characteristics of lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Painless matted suppurative, slow developing inguinal lymph nodes
*also called chlamydia trachomatis

26
Q

What would be included in a differential diagnosis if a patient has matted lymph notes that will rupture?

A

Syphilis, herpes, and lymphogranuloma venereum

27
Q

What Haemophilus species grow slowly and can cause endocarditis?

A

H. Parainfluenzae, H. Aphrophilus, H. Paraphrophilus

28
Q

What group is Haemophilus species included in?

A 
HACEK
Haemophilus species
Actinobacillus species
Cardiobacterium species
Eikenella species
Kingella species
29
Q

What disease does Gardnerella vaginalis cause?

A

Bacterial vaginitis with anaerobic vaginal bacteria

30
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a woman infected with Gardnerella vaginalis?

A

Burning or pruritis of the labia, burning on urination, foul smelling vaginal discharge that has a fishy odor

31
Q

How can Gardnerella vaginalis be differentiated from other causes of vaginitis?

A

The presence of clue cells on a slide of vaginal discharge

32
Q

What are clue cells?

A

Vaginal epithelial cells that contain pleomorphic bacilli within the cytoplasm
*in Gardnerella vaginalis cells

33
Q

What disease is caused by Bordetella pertussis?

A

Whooping cough

34
Q

What are the 4 virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis?

A

Pertussis toxin, extra yo plasmin adenylate Cyclades, filamentous hemagglutinin, and tracheal cytotoxin

35
Q

How is whooping cough transmitted?

A

Via respiratory secretions on the hands or in aerosolized form

36
Q

What are the 3 stages of whooping cough?

A
  1. Catarrhal stage
  2. Paroxysmal stage
  3. Convalescent stage
37
Q

What occurs in the catarrhal stage of whooping cough?

A

Low-grade fever, runny nose, sneezing, mild cough

  • disease is contagious
  • lasts 1-2 weeks
38
Q

What occurs in the paroxysmal stage of whooping cough?

A

Fever subsides
Bursts of nonproductive cough (15-25/day)
May be hypoxemic, cyanotic, eyes bulge, neck veins engorge
Vomiting
*lasts a month or longer

39
Q

Who is whopping cough most common in?

A

Infants less than 6 months

Infants and young children more than 6 months who require hospitalization

40
Q

What is one of the manifestations of the pertussis toxin?

A

Increased number of lymphocytes but only slight increase in neutrophils

41
Q

What occurs during the convalescent stage of whopping cough?

A

Coughing attacks are less frequent and the patient is no longer contagious

42
Q

What medium is used to assess Bordetella pertussis?

A

Bordet-Gengou medium (potato, blood, and glycerol)

43
Q

What is the vaccination used for Bordetella pertussis?

A

DTaP

Diphtheria-Tetanus-accellular Pertussis

44
Q

What are the characteristics of Legionella pneumophila?

A

Aerobic gram-negative rod

Ubiquitous in natural and man made water environments

45
Q

How is legionella pneumophila transmitted to humans?

A

Aerosolized contaminated water is inhaled, resulting in infection Ex. Air conditioners, whirlpools, shower heads that make mist in supermarkets

46
Q

T/F Legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular parasite

A

T - it settles in the lower respiratory tract but survives and replicates intracellularly in macrophage

47
Q

What are the 2 unique things about Legionella?

A
  1. Is a facultative intracellular parasite for free living amoebas
  2. Can enter low metabolic state and survive in biofilm
48
Q

What diseases are associated with Legionella?

A

Pontiac fever and Legionnaires’ disease

49
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Pontiac fever caused by Legionella?

A

Headache, muscle aches, fatigue, followed by fever and chills
*strikes suddenly and resolves in a week

50
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Legionnaires’ diseases from Legionella?

A

High fever and severe pneumonia

51
Q

What disease is commonly caused by Legionella pneumophila?

A

Community acquired pneumonia

52
Q

What are the unique manifestations of community acquired pneumonia from legionella pneumophilia?

A

Fever with pulse-temperature dissociations (high fever, low HR), severe headache, confusion, myalgia, rhabdomylosis, cough, hyponatremia, hypophosphatemia, elevated liver enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH)

COM MOD 2.2 Bacteria 1 (12 decks)

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