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COM MOD 2.2 Bacteria 1 > Chapter 1.6 Bacillus And Clostridium > Flashcards

Chapter 1.6 Bacillus And Clostridium Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of bacillus and clostridium?

A

Gram positive, spore forming rods

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2
Q

How do bacillus and clostridium cause disease?

A

By releasing potent exotoxins

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3
Q

What is the difference in oxygen use between Bacillus and Clostridium?

A

Bacillus is aerobic and Clostridium is anaerobic

*In an air tight Closet

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4
Q

What are the 2 pathogenic species of bacillus?

A

Bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus

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5
Q

What disease is caused by bacillus anthracis?

A

Anthrax

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6
Q

What disease is caused by bacillus cereus?

A

Gastroenteritis (food poisoning)

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7
Q

What is unique about the structure of bacillus anthracis?

A

It is the only bacterium with a capsule composed of a protein that prevents phagocytosis

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8
Q

What group does bacillus anthracis mainly affect?

A

Herbivores (owns and sheep)

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9
Q

How can bacillus anthracis reach humans?

A

During direct contact with infected animals or soil or when handing infected animal products

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10
Q

When is the spore of bacillus anthracis activated?

A

When it is introduced to the host

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11
Q

Why is bacillus anthracis an ideal candidate for biological terrorism and welfare?

A

Because of it’s small size, stability and 100% lethality of pulmonary anthrax

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12
Q

What clinical appearance occurs with a cutaneous anthrax infection of bacillus anthracis?

A

A painless round black lesion with a rim of edema caused by releases of a potent exotoxin that causes localized tissue necrosis

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13
Q

What is a malignant pustule?

A

Painless round black lesion with a rim of edema caused by bacillus anthracis that an cause death if untreated

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14
Q

What is pulmonary anthrax?

A

When spores are taken up by macrophages in the lungs and transported to mediastinal lymph nodes causing mediastinal hemorrhage

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15
Q

What results from mediastinal hemorrhage?

A

Mediastinal widening and pleural effusion

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16
Q

How is gastrointestinal anthrax caused by bacillus anthracis?

A

Following ingestion of spores where bacillus anthracis matures and replicated in intestine where it releases exotoxins resulting in neurotic lesion in intestine

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17
Q

What is most often ingested that is contaminated with spores of bacillus anthracis?

A

Contaminated meat

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18
Q

What is the patient presentation with gastrointestinal anthrax?

A

Vomiting, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea

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19
Q

Why does anthrax have such a high mortality rate?

A

From the release of exotoxin

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20
Q

How is bacillus cereus different from bacillus anthracis?

A

Bacillus cereus is motile, non-encapsulated, and resistant to penicillin

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21
Q

How does food poisoning occur from bacillus cereus?

A

Bacillus cereus deposits and germinates in the food and release enterotoxin

22
Q

What are the 2 enterotoxins that cause food poisoning?

A

Heat-labile toxin and heat-stable toxin

23
Q

What is the clinical presentation of food poisoning from heat-labile toxin from bacillus cereus?

A

Nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea lasting 12-24 hours

24
Q

What is the clinical presentation of food poisoning from heat-stable toxin from bacillus cereus?

A

Short incubation period followed by severe nausea and vomiting with limited diarrhea

25
Q

What is the affect of antibiotic therapy for bacillus cereus food poisoning?

A

*Be serious, Dr Goofball– since the food poisoning is cause by the preformed enterotoxin, the antibiotic therapy will not alter the patient’s symptoms

26
Q

What are the general characteristics of Clostridium?

A

Gram-positive, spore forming rods, and anaerobic

27
Q

What diseases are associated with Clostridium?

A

Botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene, and psuedomembranous colitis

28
Q

How does clostridium harm humans?

A

Secreting powerful exotoxins and enzymes

29
Q

What are the mechanism of Clostridium botulinum?

A

Produces lethal neurotoxin that blocks release of Ah from presynaptic nerve terminals in ANS

30
Q

What is the clinical presentation of clostridium botulinum?

A

Rapidly fatal food poisoning and flaccid muscle paralysis

31
Q

How is adult botulism transmitted?

A

Eating smoked fish or home-canned vegetables

32
Q

What is the clinical presentation after ingesting adult botulism?

A

Initially develop bilateral cranial nerve palsies causing double vision (Diplopia) and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
Leads to general muscle weakness and respiratory paralysis and death

33
Q

How is infant botulism transmitted?

A

When infants ingest food contaminated with clostridium botulinum
Ex. Fresh honey

34
Q

What is the clinical presentation of infant botulism?

A

Constipated for 2-3 days
Difficulty swallowing and muscle weakness
“Floppy” babies

35
Q

What disease does clostridium tetanus cause?

A

Tetanus

36
Q

What is tetanus?

A

Disease that follows a puncture wound by a rusty nail or skin trauma by any object contaminated with spores

37
Q

Where are clostridium tetani spores found?

A

Soil and animal feces

38
Q

How does clostridium tetani survive in humans?

A

Deposit in a wound any germinates as long as there is localized anaerobic environment (necrotic tissue)

39
Q

What exotoxin is released from clostridium tetani?

A

Tetanospasmin

40
Q

What is the clinical presentation of clostridium tetany?

A

Tetany- sustained contraction of skeletal muscle
Especially in muscles of the jaw
Risks sardonicus- grotesque grinning from facial muscle spasm

41
Q

What is trismus?

A

Muscle spasms of the jaw muscle

Also called lockjaw

42
Q

What disease is caused by clostridium perfringens

A

Gas gangrene

43
Q

Where is clostridium perfringens found?

A

Soil where they mature in anaerobic environment and produce gas

44
Q

What are the 2 classes of infection with clostridium perfringens?

A

Celllulitis/wound infection

Clostridial myonecrosis

45
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a person with cellulitis/wound infection?

A

Necrotic skin that is moist, spongy, crackling of the skin from the pockets of gas (crepitus)

46
Q

What is the clinical presentation of someone with clostridial myonecrosis?

A

Pockets of gas in muscles and subcutaneous tissue

Thin, blackish fluid from skin

47
Q

What bacteria causes psuedomembranous enterocolitis?

A

Clostridium difficile

48
Q

What are the affects of exotoxins released by clostridium difficile?

A

Toxin A causes diarrhea

Toxin B is cytotoxic to the colon

49
Q

What is the clinical presentation of someone with clostridium difficile?

A

Severe diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and fever

50
Q

What shows on the colonoscopy of a person with clostridium difficile?

A

Red inflamed mucosa
Areas of white exudate (psuedomembranes)
Necrosis of mucosal surface

COM MOD 2.2 Bacteria 1 (12 decks)

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