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COM MOD 2.2 Bacteria 1 > Chapter 1.1 Bacterial Taxonomy > Flashcards

Chapter 1.1 Bacterial Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

What color does a gram-positive organism stain?

A

Blue

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2
Q

What color does a gram-negative organism stain?

A

Red

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3
Q

What is the peptidoglycan layer?

A

Cell wall that is outside the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

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4
Q

What organisms is the peptidoglycan layer present?

A

Gram-positive and gram-negative

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5
Q

What is the function of transpeptidase?

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the links of amino acids of peptidoglycan

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the gram-positive cell wall?

A

Very thick and have extensive cross linking of amino acid side chains

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of a gram-negative cell wall?

A

Very thin with simple cross-linking pattern

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8
Q

What important polysaccharide is present in gram-positive cell walls?

A

Teichoic acid

*teichoic acid is not present in gram-negative cell walls

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9
Q

What lipoprotein is present in gram-negative cell walls?

A

Murein lipoprotein

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10
Q

What does the outermost portion of the bilayer contain in gram-negative organisms?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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11
Q

What are the components of LPS?

A

Outer carbohydrate of oligosaccharides, center part called core polysaccharide, and interior to the core is lipid component

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12
Q

What is lipid A?

A

The gram-negative endotoxin that is toxic to humans

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13
Q

What manifestations occur when lipid A is released into the circulation from lysis of bacterial gram-negative cells?

A

Fever, diarrhea, possible fatal endotoxin shock (septic shock)

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14
Q

What allows for passage of nutrients in only gram-negative cells?

A

Porin proteins

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15
Q

What is the importance of the structure of gram-positive cells vs gram-negative cells?

A

The thick peptidoglycan of a gram-positive cell does not block diffusion of low molecular weight compounds allowing substances that damage the cytoplasmic membrane to pass through (antibiotics, dyes, and detergents).
The gram-negative LPS blocks the passage of these substances.

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16
Q

Can antibiotics and chemicals attack gram-negative bacteria?

A

No, because the LPS is blocking access to the peptidoglycan later

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17
Q

Examples of chemicals that can attack the peptidoglycan layer?

A

Penicillin and lysosomes

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18
Q

What are the 4 major shapes of bacteria?

A

Cocci, bacilli, spiral forms, and pleomorphic

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19
Q

What is the shape of cocci bacteria?

A

Spherical

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20
Q

What is the shape of bacilli bacteria?

A

Rod shaped

21
Q

What are short bacilli called?

A

Cocobacilli

22
Q

What is the shape of spiral formed bacteria?

A

Comma-shaped, S-shaped, or spiral-shaped

23
Q

What is the shape of pleomorphic bacteria?

A

Lack a distinct shape (like jello)

24
Q

What are diplococci?

A

Pairs of different shapes that organize together into a more complex pattern

25
Q

What are the shapes of the 6 classic gram-positive cells?

A

2 cocci and 4 bacilli

26
Q

What are the 2 gram-positive cocci?

A

Streptococcus- form strips of cocci
Staphylococcus- form clusters of cocci
*both have cocci in the name

27
Q

What are the 2 spore forming gram-positive bacilli?

A

Bacillus

Clostridium

28
Q

What does spore mean?

A

Spheres that protect a dormant bacterium from the harsh environment

29
Q

What 2 gram-positive bacilli do not form spores?

A

Corynebacterium

Listeria

30
Q

What is unique about Listeria?

A

It’s the only gram-positive organism that has endotoxin

31
Q

What is the only gram-negative cocci?

A

Neisseria which is a diplococcus

32
Q

What is the 1 group of spiral-shaped organisms?

A

Spirochetes

33
Q

What is the syphillis causing spirochete?

A

Treponema pallidum

34
Q

What are the 2 shapes of all gram-negative organisms other than Spirochetes?

A

Rods or pleomorphic

35
Q

What organisms are exceptions to bacterial morphology?

A

Mycobacteria, Spirochetes, and Mycoplasma

36
Q

What is the morphology of mycobateria?

A

Weakly gram-positive but stain with a special acid-fast stain
Includes tuberculosis and leprosy organisms

37
Q

What is the morphology of Spirochetes?

A

Gram-negative cell wall but are too small to be seen with a microscope so have to use darkfield microscope

38
Q

What is the morphology of mycoplasma?

A

Do not have a cell wall
Only have a simple cell membrane
They are neither gram-positive or gram-negative

39
Q

What are the 3 enzymes that some bacteria have to breakdown oxygen products?

A

Catalase, Peroxidase, and Superoxide dismutase

40
Q

What is the function of catalase?

A

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide

41
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

Bacteria that use glycolysis, the Krebs TCA cycle, and the electron transport chain with oxygen as the final electron acceptor

42
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Aerobic bacteria that use oxygen as electron transfer chain but they can grow in the absence of oxygen using fermentation for energy
*faculty to be anaerobic but prefer aerobic conditions

43
Q

What are aero-tolerant anaerobe (microaerophilic) bacteria?

A

Bacteria that use fermentation and have no electron transport system but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen

44
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Bacteria that have no enzymes to defend against oxygen

Can’t survive with oxygen

45
Q

What do all medically important bacteria use for energy?

A

Chemical and organic compounds such as glucose

*called chemoheterotrophs

46
Q

What is the most common fermentation pathway?

A

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

47
Q

What happens in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway?

A

Glucose breakdown into lactic acid, ethanol, propionic acid, butyric acid, and acetone for bacteria to use for oxygen metabolism

48
Q

How do obligate intracellular organisms obtain ATP?

A

Stealing from their host because they are not capable of metabolic pathways for ATP synthesis

COM MOD 2.2 Bacteria 1 (12 decks)

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