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Anatomy FINALS > Chapter 19 - Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Def: Homeostasis

A

Bring body functions to balance

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2
Q

Def: Hematopoiesis/Hemopoiesis

A

Making blood cells

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3
Q

Def: Hemostasis

A

Stopping blood clotting

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4
Q

Def: Hematology

A

Study of Blood

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5
Q

Name the 3 MAIN functions of Blood

A

Blood Transports O2, CO2 hormones, heat and waste

Blood regulates homestasis of fluids

Blood protects against excessive blood loss by clotting

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6
Q

fill the blank: Blood is a _________________________ consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid matrix(______)

A
  1. Liquid connective tissue
  2. plasma
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7
Q

what does blood consist of?(give percentages)

A

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

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8
Q

name me the 3 types of formed elements found in blood

A
  1. Erythrocytes(RBC’s)
  2. Leukocytes(WBC’s)
  3. Thrombocytes(Platelets)
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9
Q

fill the blank: Blood plasma consists of ___ water and ____ solutes

A
  1. 91.5%
  2. 8.5%
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10
Q

def: Whole blood

A

Plasma AND formed elements together

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11
Q

Def: Plasma

A

Watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains and dissolves substances

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12
Q

Def: Serum

A

blood plasma minus the clotting proteins

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13
Q

Where does Hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis production take place?(one in adults and one in fetuses)

A

for adults - in bone marrow
for fetus - in liver and/or spleen

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14
Q

What are stem cells are blood cells formed from?

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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15
Q

How long can Lymphocytes live for?

A

They are able to live for years

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16
Q

fill the blank: the process of hemopoiesis is stimulated by several ___________________ factors

A
  1. hematopoietic growth
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17
Q

Def: Bioncave discs

A

Red blood cells that have no nucleus or other organelles(helps carry oxygen more efficient)

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18
Q

fill the blank: RBC’s contain the protein ____________ that is used to carry O2 to all cells and carry CO2 to lungs

A

Hemoglobin

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19
Q

What does a hemoglobin molecule contains? how much oxygen can attach to it?

A

an Iron ion which allows each molecule to bind 3 O2 molecules

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20
Q

When hemoglobin combine with oxygen, its called…

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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21
Q

When hemoglobin is combined with CO2, its called…

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

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22
Q

Def: erythropoietin(EPO)

A

increases the number of RBC precursors

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23
Q

Def: thrombopoietin(TPO)

A

Increases the number of platelets precursors

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24
Q

Def: Cytokines

A

Increase the number of WBC precursors

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25
Q

Explain how Hemoglobin functions in blood pressure regulation

A
  1. the gaseous hormone Nitric Oxide binds to hemoglobin
  2. hemoglobin can release nitric oxide
  3. NO causes vasodilation, improving blood flow and enhances O2 delivery to areas
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26
Q

How long do RBS’s live for? why do they die?

A

They live for about 120 days. They die due to the wear and tear on their plasma that occurs from squeezing through blood capillaries

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27
Q

where are dead RBC’s removed?

A

removed from circulation via spleen and liver

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28
Q

What is Bilirubin? what colour is it and how is it released from blood?

A

It is the non-iron portion of heme
.occurs when the hemoglobin splits into heme and globin

it is yellow-orange pigment and released into bile in the digestive process

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29
Q

What is Ferritin? where is it located?

A

it is an iron-storage protein that has iron attached to it and is located in muscle fibers, liver cells, and macrophages of liver and spleen

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30
Q

where does the production of red blood cells(Eryhtropoiesis) begin?

A

Red bone marrow

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31
Q

TorF: when the quantity of Hemoglobin increases, the size of nucleus FULLY decreases

A

true

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32
Q

what are reticulocytes?

A

immature red blood cells

33
Q

TorF: leukocytes don’t contain a nucleus and organelles, but does have hemoglobin

A

FALSE

34
Q

What are the 2 classifications of Leukocytes? explain both and give examples

A
  1. Granular: contains vesicles that appear when cell is stained ex. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
  2. Agranular: containing no granules ex. lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages
35
Q

def: leukocytosis

A

an increase in WBC’s

36
Q

def: Leukopenia

A

low WBC count

37
Q

What is the process of emigration:

A

when there’s an invasion, the white blood cells can leave the bloodstream and collect at site of invasion

38
Q

fill the blank: the chemical attraction of WBC’s to a disease or injury site is termed ___________

A

chemotaxis

39
Q

name the 5 types of WBC’s that alter inflammation and combat infections: “Never Ever Bet Basketball Teams”

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes

40
Q

what stimulates myoloid stem cells to produce platelets

A

thrombopoietin

41
Q

Explain the process of creating platelets: 3 MAIN points

A
  1. Myeloid stem cells develop in Megakaryoblasts
  2. Megakaryoblast transform into Megakaryocytes, these splinter into 2000-3000 splinters
  3. these splinters have small cell membranes left, these are platelets(thrombocytes)
42
Q

TorF: platelets contain many vesicles but no nucleus

A

True

43
Q

What’s the main function of Platelets

A

they stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug

44
Q

Lab values def:
g
mg
ug
U
L
dL
mL
uL

A

gram
milligram
microgram
units
litres
decilitre
millilitre
microlitre

45
Q

Hematology: leukocyte count in human body. give the amount of uL

A

5000-10000/uL

45
Q

Hematology: pH level of blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

46
Q

Hematology: Percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC’s GIVE THE PERCENT VALUE IN MALES AND FEMALES

A

Males: 40-54%
Females: 38-46%

47
Q

What does done marrow transplants may be used to treat?

A

Anemia, Leukemia, and other blood disorders

48
Q

What’s more common, stem cells transplants or bone marrow transplants?

A

Stem cells Transplants

49
Q

Def: Hemostatis

A

Is a sequence of responses that stop bleeding

50
Q

What is the process of Hemostatis? involves 3 steps

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. blood clotting(coagulation)
51
Q

What is Vascular Spasm?

A

When arteries are damaged, the smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall contracts to stop bleeding

52
Q

What is Platelet plug formation

A

Involves the clumping of platelets around damage to stop bleeding

53
Q

What are the 3 steps to platelet plug formation? Ad-Re-Ag

A
  1. Platelet Adhesion
  2. Platelet Release Reaction
  3. Platelet Aggregation
54
Q

Explain platelet Adhesion, release reaction and Aggregation:

A

Adhesion: Platelets contact and stick to damage

Release reaction: platelets become activated, making them react with one another and release chemical messengers

Aggregation: Other platelets in area get sticky.

55
Q

Def: Blood clot(what is it and what is it made of)

A

Its a gel consisting of a network of insoluble protein fibers called “fibrin”

56
Q

Fill the blank: Clotting factors are synthesized by _________ cells

A

Liver

57
Q

Name the 3 steps in the cascade reaction of blood clotting: F.C.C

A
  1. Formation of prothrombinase
  2. Conversion of Prothrombin into thrombin
  3. Conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
58
Q

Blood clotting can be activated in one of 2 ways… they both lead to the result of _________

A

Extrinsic pathways, and intrinsic pathways

Fibrin

59
Q

Def: Extrinsic

A

Tissue trauma, occurs in secondx

60
Q

Def: Intrinsic

A

Blood trauma, takes several minutes

61
Q

What vitamin is essential for coagulation(blood clotting)

A

Vitamin K

62
Q

Fill the blank: Vitamin K is a ____-soluble vitamin absorbed through the lining of the ____________

A
  1. Fat
  2. Intestine
63
Q

Fill the blank: Substances that inhibit coagulation, called _________________ are also present in blood

A

Anticoagulants

64
Q

What’s an example of an anticoagulant?

A

Heparin, Antithrombin, Warfarin

65
Q

What does Aspirin do?

A

inhibits platelet aggregation

66
Q

Def: Thrombosis

A

Clotting in an intact blood vessel(usually a vein

Deep vein Thrombosis is DVT

67
Q

Def: Thrombus

A

a clot

68
Q

Def: Embolus

A

something of blockage that is being transported in blood stream. such as bubble of air, fat, or debris

69
Q

Name all the blood types:

A

O, A, B, AB

70
Q

what is the additional antigen, that is present in 85% of humans?

A

Rh

71
Q

fill the blank: In the Rh system, individual’s whose erythrocytes have Rh agglutinogens are classified as _____

A

Rh+

72
Q

fill the blank: Those who LACK the antigen Rh are _____

A

Rh-

73
Q

Typing and cross-matching for Transfusion: what is it?

A

It is a drop of blood is mixed with an antiseruem that will agglutinate blood cells that possess agglutinogens that react with it

74
Q

Name some of the Anemia disorders

A

Iron-deficiency anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Hemorrhagic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
sickle cell anemia

75
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

It is an effect of blood cells containing hemoglobin-S which causes the cell to bend into a sickle shaped cell

76
Q

Def disorder: Hemophilia

A

Inherited deficiency of clotting

77
Q

Def disorder: Leukemia

A

it is an uncontrollable production and accumulation of immature leukocytes

Anatomy FINALS (7 decks)

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