Chapter 19 - Cardiovascular system Flashcards by Marcus Precup

Def: Homeostasis

Bring body functions to balance

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Def: Hematopoiesis/Hemopoiesis

Making blood cells

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Def: Hemostasis

Stopping blood clotting

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Def: Hematology

Study of Blood

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Name the 3 MAIN functions of Blood

Blood Transports O2, CO2 hormones, heat and waste

Blood regulates homestasis of fluids

Blood protects against excessive blood loss by clotting

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fill the blank: Blood is a _________________________ consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid matrix(______)

Liquid connective tissue
plasma

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what does blood consist of?(give percentages)

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

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name me the 3 types of formed elements found in blood

Erythrocytes(RBC’s)
Leukocytes(WBC’s)
Thrombocytes(Platelets)

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fill the blank: Blood plasma consists of ___ water and ____ solutes

91.5%
8.5%

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def: Whole blood

Plasma AND formed elements together

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Def: Plasma

Watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains and dissolves substances

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Def: Serum

blood plasma minus the clotting proteins

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Where does Hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis production take place?(one in adults and one in fetuses)

for adults - in bone marrow
for fetus - in liver and/or spleen

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What are stem cells are blood cells formed from?

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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How long can Lymphocytes live for?

They are able to live for years

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fill the blank: the process of hemopoiesis is stimulated by several ___________________ factors

hematopoietic growth

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Def: Bioncave discs

Red blood cells that have no nucleus or other organelles(helps carry oxygen more efficient)

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fill the blank: RBC’s contain the protein ____________ that is used to carry O2 to all cells and carry CO2 to lungs

Hemoglobin

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What does a hemoglobin molecule contains? how much oxygen can attach to it?

an Iron ion which allows each molecule to bind 3 O2 molecules

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When hemoglobin combine with oxygen, its called…

Oxyhemoglobin

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When hemoglobin is combined with CO2, its called…

Carbaminohemoglobin

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Def: erythropoietin(EPO)

increases the number of RBC precursors

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Def: thrombopoietin(TPO)

Increases the number of platelets precursors

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Def: Cytokines

Increase the number of WBC precursors

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Explain how Hemoglobin functions in blood pressure regulation

1. the gaseous hormone Nitric Oxide binds to hemoglobin 2. hemoglobin can release nitric oxide 3. NO causes vasodilation, improving blood flow and enhances O2 delivery to areas

How long do RBS's live for? why do they die?

They live for about 120 days. They die due to the wear and tear on their plasma that occurs from squeezing through blood capillaries

where are dead RBC's removed?

removed from circulation via spleen and liver

What is Bilirubin? what colour is it and how is it released from blood?

It is the non-iron portion of heme .occurs when the hemoglobin splits into heme and globin it is yellow-orange pigment and released into bile in the digestive process

What is Ferritin? where is it located?

it is an iron-storage protein that has iron attached to it and is located in muscle fibers, liver cells, and macrophages of liver and spleen

where does the production of red blood cells(Eryhtropoiesis) begin?

Red bone marrow

TorF: when the quantity of Hemoglobin increases, the size of nucleus FULLY decreases

true

what are reticulocytes?

immature red blood cells

TorF: leukocytes don't contain a nucleus and organelles, but does have hemoglobin

FALSE

What are the 2 classifications of Leukocytes? explain both and give examples

1. Granular: contains vesicles that appear when cell is stained ex. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils 2. Agranular: containing no granules ex. lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages

def: leukocytosis

an increase in WBC's

def: Leukopenia

low WBC count

What is the process of emigration:

when there's an invasion, the white blood cells can leave the bloodstream and collect at site of invasion

fill the blank: the chemical attraction of WBC's to a disease or injury site is termed ___________

chemotaxis

name the 5 types of WBC's that alter inflammation and combat infections: "Never Ever Bet Basketball Teams"

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils B lymphocytes T lymphocytes

what stimulates myoloid stem cells to produce platelets

thrombopoietin

Explain the process of creating platelets: 3 MAIN points

1. Myeloid stem cells develop in Megakaryoblasts 2. Megakaryoblast transform into Megakaryocytes, these splinter into 2000-3000 splinters 3. these splinters have small cell membranes left, these are platelets(thrombocytes)

TorF: platelets contain many vesicles but no nucleus

True

What's the main function of Platelets

they stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug

Lab values def: g mg ug U L dL mL uL

gram milligram microgram units litres decilitre millilitre microlitre

Hematology: leukocyte count in human body. give the amount of uL

5000-10000/uL

Hematology: pH level of blood

7.35 - 7.45

Hematology: Percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC's GIVE THE PERCENT VALUE IN MALES AND FEMALES

Males: 40-54% Females: 38-46%

What does done marrow transplants may be used to treat?

Anemia, Leukemia, and other blood disorders

What's more common, stem cells transplants or bone marrow transplants?

Stem cells Transplants

Def: Hemostatis

Is a sequence of responses that stop bleeding

What is the process of Hemostatis? involves 3 steps

1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. blood clotting(coagulation)

What is Vascular Spasm?

When arteries are damaged, the smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall contracts to stop bleeding

What is Platelet plug formation

Involves the clumping of platelets around damage to stop bleeding

What are the 3 steps to platelet plug formation? Ad-Re-Ag

1. Platelet Adhesion 2. Platelet Release Reaction 3. Platelet Aggregation

Explain platelet Adhesion, release reaction and Aggregation:

Adhesion: Platelets contact and stick to damage Release reaction: platelets become activated, making them react with one another and release chemical messengers Aggregation: Other platelets in area get sticky.

Def: Blood clot(what is it and what is it made of)

Its a gel consisting of a network of insoluble protein fibers called "fibrin"

Fill the blank: Clotting factors are synthesized by _________ cells

Liver

Name the 3 steps in the cascade reaction of blood clotting: F.C.C

1. Formation of prothrombinase 2. Conversion of Prothrombin into thrombin 3. Conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

Blood clotting can be activated in one of 2 ways... they both lead to the result of _________

Extrinsic pathways, and intrinsic pathways Fibrin

Def: Extrinsic

Tissue trauma, occurs in secondx

Def: Intrinsic

Blood trauma, takes several minutes

What vitamin is essential for coagulation(blood clotting)

Vitamin K

Fill the blank: Vitamin K is a ____-soluble vitamin absorbed through the lining of the ____________

1. Fat 2. Intestine

Fill the blank: Substances that inhibit coagulation, called _________________ are also present in blood

Anticoagulants

What's an example of an anticoagulant?

Heparin, Antithrombin, Warfarin

What does Aspirin do?

inhibits platelet aggregation

Def: Thrombosis

Clotting in an intact blood vessel(usually a vein Deep vein Thrombosis is DVT

Def: Thrombus

a clot

Def: Embolus

something of blockage that is being transported in blood stream. such as bubble of air, fat, or debris

Name all the blood types:

O, A, B, AB

what is the additional antigen, that is present in 85% of humans?

fill the blank: In the Rh system, individual's whose erythrocytes have Rh agglutinogens are classified as _____

Rh+

fill the blank: Those who LACK the antigen Rh are _____

Rh-

Typing and cross-matching for Transfusion: what is it?

It is a drop of blood is mixed with an antiseruem that will agglutinate blood cells that possess agglutinogens that react with it

Name some of the Anemia disorders

Iron-deficiency anemia Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Hemorrhagic anemia Hemolytic anemia sickle cell anemia

What is sickle cell disease?

It is an effect of blood cells containing hemoglobin-S which causes the cell to bend into a sickle shaped cell

Def disorder: Hemophilia

Inherited deficiency of clotting

Def disorder: Leukemia

it is an uncontrollable production and accumulation of immature leukocytes