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Anatomy FINALS > Ch1 Intro to human body > Flashcards

Ch1 Intro to human body Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of anatomy?

A

The study of body structures and the relationships among structures.

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2
Q

What does physiology study?

A

How body parts function.

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3
Q

What is embryology?

A

The study of the first eight weeks of growth and development after fertilization of a human egg.

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4
Q

Define developmental biology.

A

The growth and development of an individual from fertilization to death.

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5
Q

What is histology?

A

The microscopic structure of tissues.

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6
Q

What does gross anatomy study?

A

Structures that can be examined without a microscope.

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7
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

The structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.

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8
Q

Define regional anatomy.

A

Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.

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9
Q

What is the focus of surface anatomy?

A

Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation.

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10
Q

What does imaging anatomy involve?

A

Internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans.

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11
Q

What is pathological anatomy?

A

Structural changes associated with disease.

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12
Q

What does molecular physiology study?

A

Functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA.

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13
Q

Define neurophysiology.

A

Functional properties of nerve cells.

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14
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

Hormones and how they control body functions.

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15
Q

What does the cardiovascular physiology branch study?

A

Functions of the heart and blood vessels.

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16
Q

List the eleven systems of the human body.

A
  • Lymphatic/Immune
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
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17
Q

What are the components of the integumentary system?

A

Skin and associated structures such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands.

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18
Q

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

A

Supports and protects the body.

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19
Q

What does the muscular system participate in?

A

Body movements, such as walking.

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20
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs.

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21
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones.

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22
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do?

A

Pumps blood through blood vessels.

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23
Q

What components are part of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils.

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24
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood.

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25
Q

What are the components of the digestive system?

A

Organs of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs.

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26
Q

What does the urinary system produce?

A

Urine.

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27
Q

What are the components of the reproductive systems?

A

Gonads and associated organs.

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28
Q

What is inspection in clinical assessment?

A

The examiner observes the body for changes.

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29
Q

Define palpation.

A

The examiner feels body surfaces with the hands.

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30
Q

What does auscultation involve?

A

Listening to body sounds to evaluate organ function.

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31
Q

What is percussion?

A

Tapping on the body surface and listening to the resulting echo.

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32
Q

What are the basic life processes in humans?

A
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Movement
  • Growth
  • Differentiation
  • Reproduction
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33
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

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34
Q

Define responsiveness.

A

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment.

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35
Q

What does growth refer to?

A

An increase in size and complexity due to an increase in the number of cells.

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36
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state.

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37
Q

What does reproduction involve?

A

The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or the production of a new individual.

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38
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

A condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment.

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39
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

Fluid surrounding body cells.

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40
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

Fluid inside body cells.

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41
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

ECF filling the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.

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42
Q

Which systems are responsible for regulating homeostasis?

A
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
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43
Q

What are the three basic components of a feedback system?

A
  • Receptor
  • Control center
  • Effector
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44
Q

True or False: Homeostatic imbalances can occur due to disruptions from the environment.

A

True

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45
Q

What are the three basic components of a feedback system?

A
  • Receptor
  • Control Center
  • Effector

These components work together to maintain homeostasis.

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46
Q

What is the role of a receptor in a feedback system?

A

Monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to the control center

Receptors can send signals in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals.

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47
Q

What is the function of the control center in a feedback system?

A

Sets the range of values for a controlled condition, evaluates input, and generates output commands

The control center processes the information received from receptors.

48
Q

What does an effector do in a feedback system?

A

Receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition

Effectors can be various body structures, such as muscles or glands.

49
Q

What type of feedback system reverses the original stimulus?

A

Negative feedback system

Negative feedback mechanisms are essential for maintaining homeostasis.

50
Q

What is an example of a negative feedback system in the body?

A

Homeostasis of Blood Pressure

In this system, an increase in blood pressure triggers a response to decrease it.

51
Q

What happens when blood pressure rises due to stress?

A

Baroreceptors send impulses to the brain, which then sends output to the heart to decrease heart rate

This process helps restore normal blood pressure.

52
Q

What type of feedback system enhances the original stimulus?

A

Positive feedback system

Positive feedback systems are less common and often occur in specific situations like childbirth.

53
Q

What is the role of oxytocin in the positive feedback system during childbirth?

A

Stimulates the uterus to contract more forcefully

The release of oxytocin creates a cycle of increasing contractions until birth occurs.

54
Q

True or False: Control of blood pressure is an example of a positive feedback system.

A

False

Blood pressure control is primarily governed by negative feedback mechanisms.

55
Q

What is the difference between a disorder and a disease?

A

Disorder is a general term for abnormality; disease is specific with recognizable signs and symptoms

Understanding this distinction is crucial in medical diagnosis.

56
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Subjective changes in body functions not apparent to an observer, e.g., headache, nausea

Symptoms are reported by the patient and can vary greatly.

57
Q

What are signs?

A

Objective changes that can be observed and measured, e.g., fever, rash

Signs are typically assessed by healthcare professionals.

58
Q

What does epidemiology study?

A

Why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted

Epidemiology is vital for public health and disease prevention.

59
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in treatment

Pharmacology is essential for developing effective medical therapies.

60
Q

What is diagnosis?

A

The science and skill of distinguishing one disease from another

Diagnosis involves gathering medical history and performing physical examinations.

61
Q

Fill in the blank: A serious disruption of homeostasis can lead to _______.

A

[disease, disorder, or death]

Maintaining homeostasis is crucial for survival.

62
Q

True or False: Regulation of urine volume is an example of homeostasis.

A

True

The kidneys play a key role in maintaining fluid balance.

63
Q

True or False: Neebin’s headache is a sign of illness, while the fever is a symptom of illness.

A

False

The headache is a symptom, while the fever is a sign.

64
Q

Define anatomy

A

The study of the structure of the body and its parts

Anatomy focuses on physical structures.

65
Q

Define physiology

A

The study of the functions and processes of the body and its parts

Physiology explains how the organs and systems work.

66
Q

What are the important life processes of the human body?

A

Growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism, and homeostasis

These processes are essential for maintaining life.

67
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body

Homeostasis is crucial for normal body function.

68
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

Person stands erect, facing observer, arms at sides, palms forward, feet flat

This position is used as a standard reference for anatomical studies.

69
Q

What does the term ‘supine’ refer to?

A

Lying face-up

This position is often used in medical examinations.

70
Q

What does the term ‘prone’ refer to?

A

Lying face-down

This position is used for certain medical procedures.

71
Q

Louisa is lying on her back looking up. What is her body position?

A

Supine

This position is opposite to prone.

72
Q

What are directional terms used for?

A

To precisely locate one part of the body relative to another

These terms enhance clarity in anatomical discussions.

73
Q

Define ‘superior’ in anatomical terms.

A

Toward the head or upper part of a structure

Example: The heart is superior to the liver.

74
Q

Define ‘inferior’ in anatomical terms.

A

Away from the head or lower part of a structure

Example: The stomach is inferior to the lungs.

75
Q

Define ‘anterior’ in anatomical terms.

A

Nearer to or at the front of the body

Example: The sternum is anterior to the heart.

76
Q

Define ‘posterior’ in anatomical terms.

A

Nearer to or at the back of the body

Example: The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.

77
Q

What does ‘medial’ mean?

A

Nearer to the midline of the body

Example: The ulna is medial to the radius.

78
Q

What does ‘lateral’ mean?

A

Farther from the midline

Example: The lungs are lateral to the heart.

79
Q

What does ‘proximal’ mean?

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Example: The humerus is proximal to the radius.

80
Q

What does ‘distal’ mean?

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Example: The phalanges are distal to the carpals.

81
Q

What are body cavities?

A

Spaces within the body that protect, separate, and support internal organs

Examples include cranial cavity and thoracic cavity.

82
Q

What is the function of meninges?

A

To line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal, protecting the brain and spinal cord

Meninges consist of three protective tissue layers.

83
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

The diaphragm plays a crucial role in respiration.

84
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

It covers the abdominal viscera and lines the abdominal wall.

85
Q

True or False: The kidneys are retroperitoneal.

A

True

Retroperitoneal organs are located behind the peritoneum.

86
Q

What does aging affect in the body?

A

The body’s ability to restore homeostasis

Aging leads to a decline in physiological functions.

87
Q

What is radiography?

A

A medical imaging technique that uses x-rays to produce images of the body’s interior

Radiographs are commonly used for diagnosing conditions.

88
Q

What is MRI?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of soft tissues

MRI is particularly useful for detecting tumors.

89
Q

What does a CT scan visualize?

A

Soft tissues and organs with much more detail than conventional radiographs

CT scans can create three-dimensional views.

90
Q

What is an ultrasound scan?

A

A procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of body tissues

Commonly used during pregnancy and to assess organ function.

91
Q

What is a CCTA scan?

A

Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography, a scan that visualizes coronary blood vessels

It is used to detect blockages in the coronary arteries.

92
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

A medical imaging technique that shows metabolic activity in tissues

PET scans are useful for detecting cancerous tissues.

93
Q

What is Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?

A

A medical imaging technique that uses positrons injected into the body to create images showing tissue activity

PET scans are used to study physiological processes such as metabolism in the brain or heart.

94
Q

How are gamma rays produced in a PET scan?

A

By the collision of positrons with negatively charged electrons in body tissues

This collision leads to the emission of gamma rays, which are detected by gamma cameras.

95
Q

What does a PET scan image indicate with black and blue colors?

A

Minimal activity in the tissues

Red, orange, yellow, and white colors indicate areas of increasingly greater activity.

96
Q

What is the purpose of endoscopy?

A

To visually examine the inside of body organs or cavities

It uses a lighted instrument called an endoscope.

97
Q

What are some examples of endoscopic procedures?

A
  • Colonoscopy
  • Laparoscopy
  • Arthroscopy

These procedures examine different body areas, such as the colon, abdominal cavity, and joints.

98
Q

What is a radionuclide?

A

A radioactive substance used in medical imaging procedures

It is introduced into the body to image tissues.

99
Q

What is the process of radionuclide scanning?

A

A radionuclide is injected intravenously, detected by a gamma camera, and images are constructed by a computer

Areas of intense color indicate high tissue activity.

100
Q

What is the specialized type of radionuclide scanning called?

A

Single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT)

SPECT is particularly useful for studying the brain, heart, lungs, and liver.

101
Q

What is the main use of medical imaging procedures like PET and radionuclide scanning?

A

To study the activity of tissues or organs, such as searching for malignant tumors

These procedures help identify issues like scars interfering with heart muscle activity.

102
Q

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

A

Anatomy refers to the structure of body parts; physiology refers to their functions

Both fields are essential for understanding the human body.

103
Q

What are the levels of structural organization in the body?

A
  • Chemical level
  • Cellular level
  • Tissue level
  • Organ level
  • Organ system level
  • Organismal level

These levels describe the complexity of biological systems.

104
Q

How many body systems are there?

A

11 body systems

These systems include the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems among others.

105
Q

What are basic life processes?

A
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Movement
  • Growth
  • Differentiation
  • Reproduction

These processes are essential for maintaining life.

106
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body

It is crucial for proper functioning and survival.

107
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

A mechanism that counteracts a change to maintain homeostasis

It helps regulate physiological processes.

108
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

A standard position of the body used as a reference in anatomy

In this position, the body stands upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

109
Q

What does ‘supine’ refer to in anatomical terms?

A

Lying on the back

This position is often used in medical examinations and procedures.

110
Q

What does ‘prone’ refer to in anatomical terms?

A

Lying on the stomach

This position is used in various medical contexts.

111
Q

What are directional terms in anatomy?

A
  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Proximal
  • Distal

These terms describe locations and relationships of different body parts.

112
Q

What are the body planes used in anatomy?

A
  • Sagittal plane
  • Frontal (coronal) plane
  • Transverse (horizontal) plane

These planes are used to describe sections of the body.

113
Q

What are body cavities?

A

Spaces within the body that contain organs

Major cavities include the cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, and abdominal cavity.

114
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

Thin membranes that line body cavities and cover organs

They produce serous fluid to reduce friction between organs.

115
Q

How is the abdomen divided for clinical purposes?

A

Into regions and quadrants

This division aids in locating and diagnosing conditions.

Anatomy FINALS (7 decks)

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