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Anatomy FINALS > ch03 cellular level of organization > Flashcards

ch03 cellular level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

flexible barrier that surrounds and contains cytoplasm of the cell

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2
Q

what is plasma membrane constuctued of?

A

a fluid mosaic made up of a lipid bilayer

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3
Q

what are amphipathic molecules?

A

molecules that have both charged and uncharged parts to the head and tails

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4
Q

the 2 types of membrane proteins

A

Integral(transmembrane), peripheral

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5
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

extend into or across the entire lipid bilayer

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6
Q

what are peripheral proteins?

A

only found on the outer surface of the membrane and can broken away without disturbing membrane integrity

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7
Q

what are function of membrane proteins

A

function as ion channels, carriers, receptors, enzymes, linkers and cell-identity markers

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8
Q

def: selectively permeable

A

membrane allowing small, nonpolar uncharged molecules to pass by without the use of membrane proteins
involved

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9
Q

what is concentration gradient?

A

different of conc of a chemical between one side of membrane and the other side

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10
Q

Which membrane protein is involved with the transport of molecules that otherwise would be unable to enter the cell?

A

carrier proteins

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11
Q

what is it called when the inner surface of the membrane is more -charged and the outer surface is more +charged

A

electrical gradient

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12
Q

when both gradients are combined its called

A

electrochemical gradient

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13
Q

name the 3 passive processes

A

simple diffusion, faciliated diffusion and osmosis

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14
Q

name the 2 active processes

A

Primary and secondary transport, vesicular transport

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15
Q

diffusion

A

random mixing of particles that occur in solution due to kinetic energy(passive)

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16
Q

simple diffusion

A

nonpolar hydrophobic molecules diffuse across lipid bilayer without the need to transport protein

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17
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

transmembrane(integral) moves solutes over lipid bilayer that are too polar

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18
Q

Channel-mediated facillitated diffusion

A

solute moving down a concrete gradient through a membrane channel(most channels are ion channels)

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19
Q

Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

solute binding to specific transporter on one side of membrane and is released on the other side

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20
Q

osmosis

A

movement os solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low conc

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21
Q

TorF: the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion requires a membrane protein and simple diffusion doesn’t need one

A

True

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22
Q

Tonicity

A

how the solution infulences the shape of body cells

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23
Q

3 types of tonicity

A

hypertonic,isotonic,hypotonic

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24
Q

def: Hypotonic

A

lower conc and more dilute than body fluids (hypo=hippo fat) 0.45% NaCl

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25
Q

def: isotonic

A

same conc of particles as the intra and extracellular fluids 0.9% NaCl

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26
Q

def: hypertonic

A

conc is greater than body fluids(skinny cell) 3% NaCl

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27
Q

Active transport

A

use of energy to move solutes across the membrane going against the conc gradient

28
Q

Primary active transport

A

Energy used from ATP changes shape of transporter proteins, which pump substance across the membrane
ex. Sodium ion/potassium pump

29
Q

Secondary active transport

A

the use of energy stored in hydrogen or sodium conc gradients that are used to drive other substances against their own conc gradients

30
Q

2 porters of 2nd active transport

A

antiporters(oposite directions), symporters(same direction)

31
Q

Endocytosis

A

material moving into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

32
Q

the 3 types of endocytosis are:

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis

33
Q

define receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

the selective taking of large molecules of viruses using receptors on the outer membrane
- the reactors bind to solute then a vesicle shapes around it so it enters

34
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process by which cells internalize molecules by engulfing them in a vesicle.

35
Q

What is transcytosis?

A
  • The transport of molecules across a cell, involving endocytosis on one side and exocytosis on the other.
36
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Exocytosis is the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell.

37
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a selective type of endocytosis where receptors on the cell surface bind to specific ligands for internalization.

38
Q

Differentiate between phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

A

Phagocytosis involves the engulfing of large particles or microorganisms, while pinocytosis involves the ingestion of extracellular fluid and dissolved substances.

39
Q

What is bulk-phase endocytosis?

A

Bulk-phase endocytosis is a non-specific form of pinocytosis where the cell takes in extracellular fluid.

40
Q

Define cytoplasm.

A

Cytoplasm is the region of the cell outside the nucleus containing organelles and cytosol.

41
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles.

42
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments are actin filaments involved in movement and shape. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical support.
Microtubules are involved in intracellular transport and cell division.

43
Q

What are cilia and flagella?

A

Cilia are short, hair-like structures for movement or fluid displacement. Flagella are long, whip-like structures for cell motility.

44
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

45
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

The rough ER is involved in protein synthesis, while the smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

46
Q

What does the Golgi complex do?

A

The Golgi complex modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery.

47
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are organelles containing digestive enzymes for breaking down waste and cellular debris.

48
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Peroxisomes are organelles involved in breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

49
Q

What are proteasomes?

A

Proteasomes are protein complexes that degrade unneeded or damaged proteins.

50
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration.

51
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are structures within the nucleus made of DNA and proteins, containing genetic information.

52
Q

Differentiate between transcription and translation.

A

Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from DNA. Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from RNA.

53
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is double-stranded and stores genetic information, while RNA is single-stranded and used in protein synthesis.

54
Q

Differentiate between somatic and germ cells.

A

Somatic cells are body cells and are diploid.
Germ cells are reproductive cells and are haploid.

55
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells
while meiosis produces four non-identical haploid gametes.

56
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, completing cell division.

57
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a normal part of growth and maintenance.

58
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death due to injury or disease.

59
Q

Define haploid and diploid.

A

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes (e.g., gametes), while diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (e.g., somatic cells).

60
Q

What is atrophy, and how do cells respond to it?

A

Atrophy is a decrease in cell size, often as a response to reduced workload, malnutrition, or diminished blood supply.

61
Q

What is hypertrophy, and how do cells respond to it?

A

Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, typically due to increased workload or stimulation, such as muscle growth from exercise.

62
Q

What is hyperplasia, and how do cells respond to it?

A

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, often as a response to hormonal stimulation or tissue regeneration.

63
Q

What is dysplasia, and how do cells respond to it?

A

Dysplasia is abnormal growth or development of cells, often associated with a precancerous condition or chronic irritation.

64
Q

What is metaplasia, and how do cells respond to it?

A

Metaplasia is a change from one cell type to another, often as an adaptive response to stress or environmental changes.

65
Q

How do cells respond to stress?

A

Atrophy is a decrease in cell size. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. Dysplasia is abnormal growth or development. Metaplasia is a change from one cell type to another.

Anatomy FINALS (7 decks)

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