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Anatomy FINALS > Ch04 the tissue level of Organisation > Flashcards

Ch04 the tissue level of Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialized activities.

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2
Q

Name the four basic types of tissues in the human body.

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous tissues.

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3
Q

What is histology?

A

The science that deals with the study of tissues.

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4
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

It covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; and forms glands.

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5
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity.

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6
Q

What is the role of muscular tissue?

A

Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and generation of force.

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7
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

It initiates and transmits action potentials (nerve impulses) that help coordinate body activities.

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8
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

Points of contact between adjacent plasma membranes that may serve fluid-tight seals, anchor cells, or act as channels for ions and molecules.

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9
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A

Tight junctions fuse adjacent cells to form fluid-tight seals and inhibit the passage of substances between cells, found in tissues like the stomach and intestines.

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10
Q

What is the role of desmosomes?

A

Desmosomes prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction.

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11
Q

What is a hemidesmosome?

A

It resembles a desmosome but anchors cells to the basement membrane instead of other cells.

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12
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

Gap junctions allow cells to rapidly communicate through connexins, enabling ion and small molecule movement.

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13
Q

How do epithelial and connective tissues differ?

A

Epithelial tissue has tightly packed cells with little extracellular matrix and no blood vessels, while connective tissue has fewer cells with more extracellular material and blood vessels.

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14
Q

What are the general features of epithelial tissue?

A

Cells arranged in sheets, densely packed, attached to a basement membrane, avascular but innervated, and capable of frequent mitosis.

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15
Q

What are the classifications of epithelial tissue based on cell layers?

A

Simple (one layer), stratified (several layers), and pseudostratified (one layer appearing as several).

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16
Q

What are the classifications of epithelial tissue based on cell shape?

A

Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-like), columnar (rectangular), and transitional (variable).

17
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found and its function?

A

Found in the GI tract for absorption and secretion; ciliated forms help move fluids in bronchioles and fallopian tubes.

17
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium specialized for?

A

Adapted for diffusion and filtration, found in lungs, kidneys, heart lining, and thoracic cavities.

18
Q

What is the role of transitional epithelium?

A

It can stretch and return to a relaxed state, found lining most of the urinary tract.

19
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

It performs secretion and absorption, found in ovaries, kidney tubules, and thyroid gland.

20
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

A single layer of cells giving the appearance of multiple layers, found in the upper respiratory tract.

21
Q

What is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

It has a surface layer of dead cells filled with keratin, providing protection, such as in the skin.

22
Q

What is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

It lacks keratin and remains moist, found in the mouth and esophagus.

23
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

It is located in sweat gland ducts and provides protection.

24
Q

What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Provides protection and secretion, found in parts of the urethra and conjunctiva of the eye.

25
Q

What are epithelial cells anchored to?

A

They are anchored to the basement membrane.

26
Q

What is the difference between epithelial tissue and epidermis?

A

Epithelial tissue forms coverings for internal and external surfaces, while epidermis is the outer protective layer of the skin.

27
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

A thin layer composed of the basal lamina and reticular lamina, supporting epithelial cells.

28
Q

What are the components of the basement membrane?

A

The basal lamina (closer to epithelial cells) and reticular lamina (closer to connective tissue).

29
Q

What is the function of mesothelium?

A

Lines the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, providing a smooth protective surface.

30
Q

What is endothelium?

A

A simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

31
Q

What is the role of connective tissue extracellular matrix?

A

Provides structural support and mediates biochemical interactions.

32
Q

How do connective tissues differ from epithelial tissues in cell arrangement?

A

Connective tissues have a large extracellular matrix with dispersed cells, whereas epithelial tissues have closely packed cells.

33
Q

What type of cell junction prevents water passage between cells?

A

Tight junctions.

34
Q

Which cell junction allows rapid communication between cells?

A

Gap junctions.

35
Q

What is the significance of adhering junctions in epithelial tissue?

A

They help epithelial surfaces resist separation during movements like food passage.

36
Q

What tissue is in the urinary tract?

A

Transitional epithelium.

Anatomy FINALS (6 decks)

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