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Anatomy FINALS > ch18 The endocrine system > Flashcards

ch18 The endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nervous system release?

A

Neurotrasnmitters

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system release?

A

hormones

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3
Q

Both the endocrine and __________ system act together to coordinate all systems of the body

A

Nervous

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4
Q

What are the 2 type of glands

A

Exocrine and endocrine glands

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5
Q

Exocrine glands secrete their products into…

A

Ducts
including sudoriferous(sweat) glands, sebaceous(oil) glands, mucous and digestive glands

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6
Q

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the…

A

Interstitial fluid surrounding their cells

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7
Q

How do hormones get to their target cells?

A

they diffuse into the blood through capillaries to get to cells

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7
Q

What glands are part of endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal(adrenal) and pineal glands

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8
Q

How can hormones only affect target cells? what parts of cell are used to identify it?

A

They target the specific protein or glycoprotein receptors of that cell

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9
Q

Hormones that act locally without first entering the blood stream are called…

A

Local hormones

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9
Q

Hormones that travel in blood and act on distant target cells are called…

A

Circulating hormones, or endocrines

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10
Q

What are local hormones called that act on neighboring cells?

A

paracrines

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11
Q

what are local hormones called that act on same cell that secreted them?

A

autocrines

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12
Q

what are the 2 chemical classes of hormones?

A

Lipid-soluble and water soluble hormones

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13
Q

How do water-soluble hormones move around?

A

they circulate in plasma, in a free unattached form

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14
Q

How do lipid-soluble hormones move around?

A

hormones bind to transport proteins to be carried in blood

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15
Q

what does the suprarenal cortex secretes

A

Mineralocorticoids, blucocorticoids and weak androgens

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16
Q

What do mineralocorticoids do?

A

help regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body

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17
Q

Whats the major mineralcorticoid, what gland secretes it and its function?

A

Aldosterone is the hormone, secreted by suprarenal gland and its acts on kidneys to increase sodium and water reabsorption and DECREASES potassium reabsorption

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18
Q

what controls secretion of aldosterone?

A

RAA Pathways

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19
Q

what is included in glucocorticoids(the 3 hormones)

A

Cortisol(most abundant
Cortisone
Corticosterone

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20
Q

what are the medullary secretion hormones of the suprarenal gland?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine(NE)

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21
Q

what effects does epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

sympathetic responses

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22
Q

def: glucose

A

energy source

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23
Q

def: glycogen

A

energy stored in the human body

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24
Q

def: hypoglycemia

A

low glucose in blood

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25
Q

def: hyperglycemia

A

high glucose in blood

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26
Q

what cells does the pancreas have related to endocrine system

A

Endocrine and exocrine cells

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27
Q

what are the 2 types of cells in pancreatic islets?

A

Alpha cells and Beta cells

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28
Q

function of Alpha cells

A

secretion of glucagon, hormones which increases blood glucose levels

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29
Q

Function Beta cells

A

secretion of insulin, hormones which decrease blood glucose levels

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30
Q

name the major hormones that the ovaries produce:

A

Estrogen and progesterone

31
Q

Function of estrogen and progesterone

A

prepare female reproductive system for pregnancy and post pregnancy

32
Q

whats the minor hormone that ovaries ALSO produce

A

Inhibit and relaxin

33
Q

Function of Relaxin hormone (RLX)

A

Dilates uterine cervix during labor and delivery

34
Q

Function of Inhibin hormone

A

Inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary

35
Q

Where is the pineal gland attached to?

A

the third ventricle of the brain

36
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

37
Q

Function of melatonin

A

sleep and biological clock

38
Q

what type of hormones does the thymus secrete? what are they related to

A

Immunity hormones

39
Q

name the 4 immunity hormones of the thymus gland:

A

Thymosin, thymic humoral factor(THF), Thymic Factor(TF) and thymopoitin

40
Q

what’s the function of Thymopoietin hormone? (related to thymus gland)

A

it promotes the proliferation and maturation of T cells

41
Q

Function of Eicosanoid hormones

A

act as paracrines and autocrines in body tissues by altering production of second messengers

42
Q

what are the 2 hormones connected to Eicosanoids?(apart of the Eicosanoids)

A

Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

43
Q

What do growth factors do?

A

they stimulate cell growth and division

44
Q

what are examples of Growth factor hormones?

A

Epidermal growth factor(EGF), platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF), fibroblast growth factor(FGF)

45
Q

what’s the function of Eustress hormone in stress response?

A

helpful for everyday stress that prepares us for challenges

46
Q

Is Distress good or harmful?

A

It is harmful

47
Q

what are the 3 phases of Stress Responce

A
  1. Fight or flight response
  2. Resistance Reaction
  3. Exhaustion
48
Q

What are the hormones that are secreted to initiate resistance reaction

A

CRH, GHRH, TRH

49
Q

What causes exhaustion

A

loss of potassium, depletion of suprarenal glucocorticoids and weakened organs

50
Q

What is the cause of Pituitary Dwarfism, Giantism and Acromegaly

A

Hyposecretion of hGH create dwarfism
Hypersecretion of hGH in childhood results in Giantism and in adulthood creates acromegaly

51
Q

What is Diabetes insipidus?

A

the hyposecretion of ADH(antidiuretic hormone) causing large amounts of dilute urine creating dehydration

52
Q

Def: hypothyroidism

A

the effect of hypersecretion of thyroid hormones during fetal life and creates sensitivity to cold, weight gain and fatigue

53
Q

Def: Hypoparathyroidism

A

results into muscle tetany

54
Q

Def:Hyperparathyroidism

A

produces excessive resportion of bone and kidney stones

55
Q

Suprarenal gland disorders: Cushings syndrome

A

results from hypersecretion of cortisol by the suprarenal cortex

56
Q

what happens when there is hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone?

A

Addison’s disease

57
Q

Pancreatic diseases:

A

type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and hyperinsulinism

58
Q

Name the lipid soluble chemical classes and give some examples of each one:(3)

A

Steroid hormones(aldosterone, cortisol,androgens,calcitriol,testosterone,estrogen,progesterone
Thyroid hormones(T3, T4)
Gas(Nitric Oxide)

59
Q

Name the water soluble chemical classes and give examples for each one:(3)

A

amines: Epinephrine, Norepiepherine, Melatonin, Histamine, Serotonin
Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes
peptides and proteins: Oxytocin, ACH, growth hormone

60
Q

name me the series of action of lipid-soluble hormones:

A

hormones binds to and activates receptors within cells
the activated receptors alter gene expression which results in formation of new proteins - thus creating altered cell activity

61
Q

Name me the series of action of water soluble hormones:

A

they alter cell function by activating plasma membrane receptors
when hormones binds to cell membrane receptors, it sets of cascade of events

62
Q

hormonal interactions: Name the 3
“P.S.A”

A

Permissive effect
Synergistic effect
Antagonistic effect

63
Q

def: permissive effect

A

The actions of some
hormones on target cells require a
simultaneous or recent exposure to a second
hormone

64
Q

Def: Synergistic effect

A

Some hormones work
more effectively when a second hormone is
present to assist them

65
Q

Def: Antagonistic effect

A

Some hormones
oppose the action of others

66
Q

What is hormone secretion regulated by

A

signals from nervous system
Chemical changes in blood
other hormones

67
Q

Fill in the blank: Most hormone regulation is achieved via __________________

A

Negative feedback

68
Q

What type of hormones does the hypothalamus? what do they do

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones. They control the release of hormones by the pituitary gland

They reach the pituitary gland via the hypophyseal portal system

69
Q

Name the 7 hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary
“F.L.A.T Pi.G.M”

A

F - Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
L - Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
A - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
T - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Pi - Prolactin (PRL)
G - Growth Hormone (GH)

70
Q

Name the posterior pituitary hormones(2 of them)

A

Oxcytocin(OT) and Antiduretic Hormone(ADH)

71
Q

where is the thyroid gland located

A

inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea

72
Q

what 3 hormones are produced in the thyroid gland

A

T4, T3, and calcatonin

73
Q

Function for Calcitonin hormone

A

it inhibits osteoclast activities therefore DECREASING calcium in blood

74
Q

What do thyroid hormones do?

A

increases basal metabolic rate(BMR)
stimulate protein synthesis
increases energy use
work with hGH and insulin to accelerate body growth

75
Q

Where are the parathryoid glands located

A

embedded on the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid

76
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid glands make? what’s its function

A

Parathyroid hormone(PTH)
it regulates homeostasis of calcium and phosphate

Anatomy FINALS (6 decks)

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