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Anatomy FINALS > ch10 muscular tissue > Flashcards

ch10 muscular tissue Flashcards

1
Q

the 3 types of muscular tissue are:

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle

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2
Q

name the location, function, appearance and control of:
skeletal muscles

A

location:skeletal
function:move bones
appearance:multi-nucleated and striated
control:voluntary

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3
Q

name the location, function, appearance and control of:

smooth muscles

A

location:various organs like GI tract, uterus and bloodvessels
function:various functions like peristalsis
appearance:one nucleus no striations
control:involuntary

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3
Q

name the location, function, appearance and control of:
cardiac muscles

A

location:heart
function:pump blood
Appearance:one nucleus, striated, and intercalated discs
control:involuntary

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4
Q

def: electrical excitability

A

response to action potentials or neurtransmitters

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5
Q

def: contractility

A

contraction in response to stimuli

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6
Q

def: extensibility

A

ability to stretch without being damaged

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7
Q

def: elasticity

A

ability to return to original length and shape

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8
Q

the 4 CT of skeletal muscle tissue

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
Fascia

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9
Q

def: epimysium

A

encircles the entire muscle
its dense irregular CT

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10
Q

def:perimysium

A

surrounds fascicles(10-100 muscle fibers)
its dense irregular CT

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11
Q

def:endomysium

A

separates individual muscle fibers from one another
mostly reticular fiber

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12
Q

def:Fascia

A

sheet/band of fibrous CT that is deep to the skin, and surrounds muscles and other organs of body

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13
Q

What is it called when the CT layers extend beyond the muscle(it makes a rope-like structure)

A

a tendon
when its a flat sheet: aponeurosis

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14
Q

__________ is the plasma membrane of the muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

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15
Q

_________________ are tiny invaginations of the ______________ that quickly spread the muscle action potential to all parts of the muscle fiber

A

Transverse tubules
Sarcolemma

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16
Q

Def: Sarcoplasm

A

the muscle cell ctyoplsasm
contains glycogen(energy) and myoglobin(O2 storage)

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17
Q

the 2 filaments(myofilaments)

A

thin filaments(actin)
thick filament(myosin)

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18
Q

def: sacromere

A

functional units of the myofibril

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19
Q

name all the components of a sacromere

A

Z discs
A band
I band
H zone
M line

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle proteins

A

Contractile: myosin actin
Regulatory: Troponin, tropomyosin
Structural: titin, dystrophin

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21
Q

def: contractile proteins(in the name)

A

generate force during contraction

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22
Q

def: regulatory proteins

A

switch contraction process on and off

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23
Q

def: structural proteins

A

keep filaments in alignment, provide elasticity and link myofibrils

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24
Q

explain the sliding filament mechanism

(contraction of muscle in 3 steps)

A
  1. myosin cross bridges pullin on actin filaments, causing them to slide inward toward the H zone(contraction occurs)
  2. Z discs pull into each other and the sacromere shortens
  3. this causes the shortening of the whole muscle fiber

summarized: Myosin pulls actin to shorten sarcomeres (muscle contracts).

25
Q

name the 4 steps involved in contraction cycle and explain them

“Ate a Powder Donut”

involves the sliding filament mechanism

A

1.ATP hydrolysis - energy required for myosin head orientation
2. Attachment of myosin to actin - creates the cross bridge
3. Power stroke - the myosin heads pull the thin filament towards middle of sacromeres
4. DEtachment of myosin from actin - the myosin head detaches when it binds ATP

26
Q

name the action: connects the events of a muscle action potential with the sliding filament mechanism

A

excitation-contraction coupling

27
Q

what happens during excitation-contraction coupling

A
  1. The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca into sarcoplasm
  2. the calcium binds to Troponin, making the filament begin to slide
28
Q

TorF: increased Ca starts muscle contraction

A

True

29
Q

TorF: decreased Ca starts contraction

A

False

30
Q

Fill in word: muscle action potentials arise at the ____________________(NMJ), the synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular Junction

31
Q

describe the events of NMJ(neuromuscular junction)

A
  1. calcium channels end bulbs open, allowing for calcium to release. This causes ACh to be released in synaptic cleft
  2. ACh binds to ligand-gated Na channels on motor endplates, allowing Na influx into muscle
  3. this creates depolarization in the muscle and results in Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
32
Q

3 components of Muscle Metabolism

A
  1. Creatine phosphate
  2. Anaerobic glycolysis
  3. cellular respiration
33
Q

What does creatine phosphate do?(part of muscle metabolism)

A

maxamizes muscle contraction for 15 seconds and is used for maximum short bursts of energy

34
Q

what does anaerobic glycolysis do(part of muscle metabolism)

A

quickly break down each glucose molecule into 2 pyruvic acids
energy lasts for about 2 mins

35
Q

what does cellular respiration do(part of muscle metabolism)

A

action of pyruvic acid entering the mitochondria and go under series of O2 required reactions which can create large amounts of ATP

36
Q

What casues muscle fatigue?
Name 4 points

A

1.low release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum
2.low levels of creating O2 and nutrients
3.build-up of lactic acid and ADP
4.insufficient release of ACh at NMJ

37
Q

def central fatigue

A

person feeling tiredness before actual muscle fatigue occurs

38
Q

why do you breathe heavily for a pperiod of time after stopping an exercise?

A

system of recovery oxygen uptake(payback O2 debt)

39
Q

def Motor unit(part of muscle tension)

A

a somatic motor neuron plus all the muscle cells that it innervates

40
Q

How many fibers would you find in a single Motor unit

A

150 fibers

41
Q

when activating a few motor units, it will generate in a ______ muscle contraction

A

weak

42
Q

activating many motor units will generate a ________ motor contraction

A

strong

43
Q

def motor unit recruitment

A

process in which the number of active motor units INCREASES

weakest MN are recruited first, followed by stronger MN

44
Q

what is twitch contraction?

A

the brief contraction of all muscle fibres in a motor, in response to a single action potential

45
Q

what are the periods of twitch contraction in order?

A
  1. Latent period
  2. contraction period
  3. relaxation period
  4. refreactory period
46
Q

Muscle tone is established by…

A

the alternating involuntary activation of small groups of motor units in muscle

47
Q

def hypertonia(part of muscle tone)

A

increased muscle tone

48
Q

def hypotonia(part of muscle tone)

A

limp muscle, absent or decreased muscle tone

49
Q

when increasing muscle tone(hypertonia) what are the 2 effects the muscle can gain

A

Spasticity - increased stiffness associated with increased tendon reflexes and pathological reflexes

Rigidity - increased MT in which reflexes are not affected

50
Q

what does cardiac muscle have that neither skeletal or smooth muscle has?

A

Intercalated discs

51
Q

what do intercalated discs contain?

A

they contain desmosomes and gap junctions that allow muscle action potentials to spread from one fiber to the next

52
Q

fill in the blank: Cardiac muscle cells have more M___________ and their contractions last 10 to ___ times longer than skeletal muscle contractions

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. 15
53
Q

Fill in the blanks: smooth muscle is _______ in the middle, _________ on the ends, and is NOT striated

A
  1. thick
  2. tapered
54
Q

do smooth muscle contractions start faster or slower? and does it last longer than skeletal/cardiac muscle contractions?

A

they contract slower. And last longer than either muscle

55
Q

fill in the blank: smooth muscle fibres ________ in response to stretch

A

shorten

56
Q

def: spasm

A

sudden involuntary contraction of a a single muscle in a large group of muscles

57
Q

def: Cramp

A

painful spasmodic contractions

58
Q

def: Tic

A

twitching made involuntarily by muscles that are usually under voluntary control

59
Q

def: tremor

A

rhythmic involuntary contractions that produce a shaking movement

Anatomy FINALS (7 decks)

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