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Anatomy FINALS > ch10 muscular tissue > Flashcards

ch10 muscular tissue Flashcards

1
Q

the 3 types of muscular tissue are:

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle

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2
Q

name the location, function, appearance and control of:
skeletal muscles

A

location:skeletal
function:move bones
appearance:multi-nucleated and striated
control:voluntary

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3
Q

name the location, function, appearance and control of:

smooth muscles

A

location:various organs like GI tract, uterus and bloodvessels
function:various functions like peristalsis
appearance:one nucleus no striations
control:involuntary

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3
Q

name the location, function, appearance and control of:
cardiac muscles

A

location:heart
function:pump blood
Appearance:one nucleus, striated, and intercalated discs
control:involuntary

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4
Q

def: electrical excitability

A

response to action potentials or neurtransmitters

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5
Q

def: contractility

A

contraction in response to stimuli

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6
Q

def: extensibility

A

ability to stretch without being damaged

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7
Q

def: elasticity

A

ability to return to original length and shape

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8
Q

the 4 CT of skeletal muscle tissue

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
Fascia

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9
Q

def: epimysium

A

encircles the entire muscle
its dense irregular CT

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10
Q

def:perimysium

A

surrounds fascicles(10-100 muscle fibers)
its dense irregular CT

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11
Q

def:endomysium

A

separates individual muscle fibers from one another
mostly reticular fiber

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12
Q

def:Fascia

A

sheet/band of fibrous CT that is deep to the skin, and surrounds muscles and other organs of body

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13
Q

What is it called when the CT layers extend beyond the muscle(it makes a rope-like structure)

A

a tendon
when its a flat sheet: aponeurosis

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14
Q

__________ is the plasma membrane of the muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

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15
Q

_________________ are tiny invaginations of the ______________ that quickly spread the muscle action potential to all parts of the muscle fiber

A

Transverse tubules
Sarcolemma

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16
Q

Def: Sarcoplasm

A

the muscle cell ctyoplsasm
contains glycogen(energy) and myoglobin(O2 storage)

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17
Q

the 2 filaments(myofilaments)

A

thin filaments(actin)
thick filament(myosin)

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18
Q

def: sacromere

A

functional units of the myofibril

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19
Q

name all the components of a sacromere

A

Z discs
A band
I band
H zone
M line

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle proteins

A

Contractile: myosin actin
Regulatory: Troponin, tropomyosin
Structural: titin, dystrophin

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21
Q

def: contractile proteins(in the name)

A

generate force during contraction

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22
Q

def: regulatory proteins

A

switch contraction process on and off

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23
Q

def: structural proteins

A

keep filaments in alignment, provide elasticity and link myofibrils

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24
explain the sliding filament mechanism | (contraction of muscle in 3 steps)
1. myosin cross bridges pullin on actin filaments, causing them to slide inward toward the H zone(contraction occurs) 2. Z discs pull into each other and the sacromere shortens 3. this causes the shortening of the whole muscle fiber summarized: Myosin pulls actin to shorten sarcomeres (muscle contracts).
25
name the 4 steps involved in contraction cycle and explain them "Ate a Powder Donut" | involves the sliding filament mechanism
1.ATP hydrolysis - energy required for myosin head orientation 2. Attachment of myosin to actin - creates the cross bridge 3. Power stroke - the myosin heads pull the thin filament towards middle of sacromeres 4. DEtachment of myosin from actin - the myosin head detaches when it binds ATP
26
name the action: connects the events of a muscle action potential with the sliding filament mechanism
excitation-contraction coupling
27
what happens during excitation-contraction coupling
1. The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca into sarcoplasm 2. the calcium binds to Troponin, making the filament begin to slide
28
TorF: increased Ca starts muscle contraction
True
29
TorF: decreased Ca starts contraction
False
30
Fill in word: muscle action potentials arise at the ____________________(NMJ), the synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
Neuromuscular Junction
31
describe the events of NMJ(neuromuscular junction)
1. calcium channels end bulbs open, allowing for calcium to release. This causes ACh to be released in synaptic cleft 1. ACh binds to ligand-gated Na channels on motor endplates, allowing Na influx into muscle 3. this creates depolarization in the muscle and results in Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
32
3 components of Muscle Metabolism
1. Creatine phosphate 2. Anaerobic glycolysis 3. cellular respiration
33
What does creatine phosphate do?(part of muscle metabolism)
maxamizes muscle contraction for 15 seconds and is used for maximum short bursts of energy
34
what does anaerobic glycolysis do(part of muscle metabolism)
quickly break down each glucose molecule into 2 pyruvic acids energy lasts for about 2 mins
35
what does cellular respiration do(part of muscle metabolism)
action of pyruvic acid entering the mitochondria and go under series of O2 required reactions which can create large amounts of ATP
36
What casues muscle fatigue? Name 4 points
1.low release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum 2.low levels of creating O2 and nutrients 3.build-up of lactic acid and ADP 4.insufficient release of ACh at NMJ
37
def central fatigue
person feeling tiredness before actual muscle fatigue occurs
38
why do you breathe heavily for a pperiod of time after stopping an exercise?
system of recovery oxygen uptake(payback O2 debt)
39
def Motor unit(part of muscle tension)
a somatic motor neuron plus all the muscle cells that it innervates
40
How many fibers would you find in a single Motor unit
150 fibers
41
when activating a few motor units, it will generate in a ______ muscle contraction
weak
42
activating many motor units will generate a ________ motor contraction
strong
43
def motor unit recruitment
process in which the number of active motor units INCREASES weakest MN are recruited first, followed by stronger MN
44
what is twitch contraction?
the brief contraction of all muscle fibres in a motor, in response to a single action potential
45
what are the periods of twitch contraction in order?
1. Latent period 2. contraction period 3. relaxation period 4. refreactory period
46
Muscle tone is established by...
the alternating involuntary activation of small groups of motor units in muscle
47
def hypertonia(part of muscle tone)
increased muscle tone
48
def hypotonia(part of muscle tone)
limp muscle, absent or decreased muscle tone
49
when increasing muscle tone(hypertonia) what are the 2 effects the muscle can gain
Spasticity - increased stiffness associated with increased tendon reflexes and pathological reflexes Rigidity - increased MT in which reflexes are not affected
50
what does cardiac muscle have that neither skeletal or smooth muscle has?
Intercalated discs
51
what do intercalated discs contain?
they contain desmosomes and gap junctions that allow muscle action potentials to spread from one fiber to the next
52
fill in the blank: Cardiac muscle cells have more M___________ and their contractions last 10 to ___ times longer than skeletal muscle contractions
1. Mitochondria 2. 15
53
Fill in the blanks: smooth muscle is _______ in the middle, _________ on the ends, and is NOT striated
1. thick 2. tapered
54
do smooth muscle contractions start faster or slower? and does it last longer than skeletal/cardiac muscle contractions?
they contract slower. And last longer than either muscle
55
fill in the blank: smooth muscle fibres ________ in response to stretch
shorten
56
def: spasm
sudden involuntary contraction of a a single muscle in a large group of muscles
57
def: Cramp
painful spasmodic contractions
58
def: Tic
twitching made involuntarily by muscles that are usually under voluntary control
59
def: tremor
rhythmic involuntary contractions that produce a shaking movement

Anatomy FINALS (7 decks)

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