Chapter 19- Blood Flashcards
What are the 5 functions of blood?
- Transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste.
- Regulates pH and ions of interstitual fluids.
- Restricts fluid losses at injury sites.
- Defends against toxins and pathogens.
- Stabilizes body temperature.
Liquid component of blood, in which cells, proteins, and ions are suspended; this is yellow in color.
Plasma
Proteins which are soluble (float in blood)
Plasma proteins
Most abundant part of blood.
Water
If clotting factors (proteins) are removed the plasma is then called ______.
Serum
Blood clotting cells.
Platelets
Another name for platelets
Thrombocytes
Cells that fight infections
WBC
Another name for WBC’s
Leukocytes
What are the 5 types of WBC’s?
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Cells that carry O2 and CO2.
RBC
Another name for RBC
Erythrocytes
4 characteristics of blood?
- Temperature: 100.4 degrees F.
- Viscosity: 5x more viscous than water (more sticky)
- pH: 7.35-7.45
- Volume: Males 5-6 liters. Females 4-5 liters.
What are the 2 sampling methods for obtaining blood?
- Venipuncture
- Aterial puncture
Where is blood typically drawn from during aterial puncture?
- Radial atery of wrist
- Brachial artery at elbow
Used to measure efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs.
Aterial sticks
Makes up 55% of blood.
Plasma
_____ and _____ form ECF in the body.
Plasma and Interstitial fluid
What are the 3 primary classes of plasma proteins?
- Albumin (60%)
- Globulins (35%)
- Fibrinogen (4%)
Plasma protein: Most abundant, transport fatty acids, thyroid hormones, steriods.
Albumin
Plasma protein: Two subtypes: antibodies and transport globulins.
Globulins
Also called immunoglobulins or IGs defend against infection.
Antibodies
Bind small ions, or insoluble hormones.
Transport globulins
Plasma protein: This protein is converted to fibrin upon inury causing blood clotting.
Fibrinogen
Other plasma proteins (5)
- Insulin
- Prolactin
- TSH
- FSH
- LH
(Cells) makes up about 45% of blood.
Formed elements
Blood clotting cells.
Platelets- Thrombocytes
Process that produces formed elements at birth.
Hematopoiesis
Process of hematopoiesis? (7)
- Embryo blood cells appear in bloodstream during 3rd week of development.
- Cells then move out of blood into liver, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.
- These embryonic cells become stem cells.
- Stem cells produce blood cells.
- In adults “red bone marrow” is the only site of WBC/RBC formation.
- Stem cells (pluripotent stem cells or hemacytoblasts) can divide to produce myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.
- Lymphoid stem cells produce lympocytes; myeloid stem cells produce RBCs and WBCs (except for lymphocytes).
What happens if the body experiences an oxygen deficiency due to low RBCs? (4)
- Chemoreceptors in kidsney and liver detects an oxygen deficiency they produce hormone called erthropoietin (EPO)
- EPO travels to the red bone marrow and stimulates RBC production
- RBC production causes increase in O2 in body
- O2 increase is detected at kidney and liver and EPO production stops.
How long do RBCs last?
About 120 days or damaged from traveling through small capillaries.
Process of RBC destruction?
- RBC gets old
- RBCs are phagocytized by macrophages in the liver and spleen
- Hemoglobin is broken down into components and recycled (1- heme: a pigment. 2-Globin: a protein)
- Iron released from heme, is now available for resue or storage in the liver
- Heme is converted to biliverdin (green pigment) which is coverted into bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment)
- Biliverdin and bilirubin are excreted as bile pigments in urine and feces.
A pigment
Heme
A protein
Globin
Dietary factors that effect RBC production
- Vitamin B12- which is needed for RBC growth.
- Iron- is needed to produce hemaglobin
Red blood cells contain _______ (red pigment) which is the protein which carries O2/CO2.
hemoglobin
1 drop of blood contains _________ which lasts about _________.
Millions of RBCs.
Lasts about 4 months
The % of whole blood occupied by blood cells.
Hematocrit
WBC’s and platelets form on top of RBCs. Ratio of 1000 RBC’s to 1 WBC.
Centrifuge blood
There are more RBCs in Males than Females due to _______.
Androgens
RBC Structure
- Bioconcave disk
- Thin middle
- Thick outer edge
- Have no nucleus or mitochondria. Must use fermentation though glycolysis pathway.
Structure of RBC gives each cell…….
Increased surface area so give quicker exchange of O2/CO2.
RBC’s can be stacked like dinner plates called _______. so they can pass through narrow cessel openings.
Rouleux (roo- low)
The average volume of a single RBC.
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
