Chapter 17 Flashcards
The human body has two types of ‘senses’ which one is described below?
-Pain, temperature, touch pressure, vibration, and proprioception (body location).
General Senses
These receptors are scattered throughout the body.
General Senses
The human body has two types of ‘senses’ which one is described below?
-Olfaction (smell), vision, gustation (taste), equilibrium (balance), and hearing.
Special Senses
These receptors are more specialized/complex than general senses
Special Senses
Are special cells or cells that provide your CNS with information about internal or external conditions.
Sensory Receptors
When a ‘sensory receptor’ detects a stimuli and translate it into an ‘action potential’ that can be forwarded to the CNS.
Transduction
Responds to chemical stimuli; olefactory, taste buds, pH, and CO2.
Chemoreceptors
Respond to mechanical stress or mechanical strain; hair cells in the cochlea are an example; touch, pressure, vibration.
Mechanoreceptors
Respond to light; rods and cones in the eye are an example.
Photoreceptors
Respond to pressure; detect the pressure of blood flowing through; found in the aorta and carotid bodies.
Baroreceptors
Respond to the osmolarity of fluids (such as in the hypothalamus.)
Osmoreceptors
Provide the sense of position; provides feedback solely on the status of the body internally.
Proprioceptors
Produce the perception of pain in response to damaging stimuli.
Nociceptors
Smell is detected by olfactory organs in the nasal cavity.
Olfaction
Olfactory organ is made up of:
Olfactory epithelium
Lamina propria
Olfactory nerve is cranial nerve #_____ is responsible for smell.
Cranial nerve 1
Organic molecules in the air land on Olfactory neurons which have receptors called _______ ______ _____ that open ______ ______ and start an action potential.
- Odorant binding proteins
- Na+ channels
Taste receptors are also called _____ _____.
Gustatory Receptors
Found on tongue, pharynx, and larynx as kids but only on tongue as an adult.
Taste receptors or Gustatory receptors
Gustation or taste receptors are distributed along _____ ____ of the tongue.
Superior surface
Combinations of taste receptors and epithelial projections.
Taste buds
Another name for taste buds
Lingual papillae
3 types of papillae
- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Circumvallate
How many receptors does each taste bud contain?
40
What are the 4 different types of taste?
- Bitter
- Sour
- Salt
- Sweet
Sweet receptors open ___ ____ which causes ______
K+ channels
Depolarization
Salt receptors open ____ ____ which causes _______
Na+ channels
Depolarization
New taste close to beef broth
Umami
New taste that can taste water
H20 receptors
Taste monitored by which nerves?
Facial (7)
Glossopharyngeal (9)
Vagus (10)
Senses combine to provide flavor
Taste and Olfactory receptors
Tells us the location of the head by monitoring gravity, rotation, and linear acceleration.
Equilibrium
Ability to detect stimuli of sound
Hearing
Ear divisions or regions
External or outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Fleshy part of ear; consists of auricle which collects and directs sound toward external auditory canal.
External ear
A thin semi-transparent sheet that separates external ear from middle ear.
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Produce cerumen that protects the membrane from bacteria
Ceruminous glands
Also called tympanic cavity. Consists of an air filled cavity
Middle ear
What are the auditory ossicles?
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
Two muscles protect the membrane and ossicles from violent movements under noisy conditions.
Tensor tympani
Stapedius muscle
Inserts on malleus, stiffens typanic membrane; innervated by Trigeminal nerve.
Tensor tympani
Inserts on stapes to minimize its movement; innervated by facial nerve
Stapedius muscle
Contains sensory organs for hearing and equilibrium.
Inner ear
Superficial/outer layer; a dense bone covering that protects “membranous labyrinth”
Bony Labyrinth
Deep/inner layer; is a fluid (endolymph) filled chamber located inside Bony Labyrinth.
Membranous Labyrinth
Consists of 2 membranous sacs which provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration.
Vestibule
Hair cells in saccule and utricle are clustered in structures called ________.
Maculae
Hair cells are standing vertical; determines gravity/falling
Saccule
Hair cells are laying horizontal: determines linear acceleration
Utricle
These enclose semicircular ducts; consists of three subsections; monitors rotational movement of head/body.
Semicircular canals
Spiral shaped; receptors located here provide sense of hearing.
Cochlea
Located by stapes
Oval window
Separates the perilymph of cochlear chambers from middle ear area.
Round window
Consists of three subsections; monitors rotational movement of head/body.
Semicircular ducts
What are the 3 simicircular ducts?
- Anterior semicircular ducts
- Posterior semicircular ducts
- Lateral semicircular ducts
Widened area at entrace of cochlea; contains two subsections (Utricle, and Saccule)
Vestibule
The function of these cells are to keep the hair cells properly oriented for stimuli
Supporting cells
Two types of cells found in the ear?
Supporting cells
Hair cells
These cells have extensions called stereocilla and kinocilium.
Hair cells
Expanded region that contains hair cells
Ampulla
Raised base of the hair cells.
Crista
Activates anterior semicircular duct
Shaking head yes
Activates lateral semicircular duct
Shaking head no
Activates posterior semicircular duct
Tilting head from side to side
Structures which contain hair cells.
Maculae
Hair cells extend into ____ ____
Gelatinous matrix
On top of the matrix, packed carbonite crystals
Statoconia (ear stone)
Both the statoconia and gelatinous matrix
otolith
Portion of the cochlear duct that contains the hair cells made up of bailar and tectoral membranes.
Organ of corti
Membrane on which hair cells rest
Basilar membrane
Membrane on which sterocilia make contact with.
Tectoral membrane
________ of sound is determined by which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated.
Frequency
________ is determined by number of hair cells activated.
Intensity
Respond to temperature, either heat, cold, or both.
Thermoreceptors
Sense of smell
Olfactory
Sense of taste
Gustation
