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anatomy > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart.

A

Blood Vessels

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2
Q

arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart, oxygenated

except for pulmonary circulation and umbillical vessels of fetus.

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3
Q

Direct contact with tissue cells, directly serve cellular needs

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Veins

A

Carry deoxygenated blood to the hear

Except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of the fetus.

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5
Q

Lumen

A

Central blood-containing space, surrounded by a wall

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6
Q

Walls of vessels contain how many layers

A

3

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7
Q

Capillaries contain

A

Endothelium 1 layer

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8
Q

Innermost layer contact with blood.

A

Tunica Intima: Endothelium: simple squamous epithelium that lines lumen of all vessels.

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9
Q

Connective tissue basement membrane

A

Subendothelial layer

Part of the tunica Intima, found only in vessels larger than 1mm

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10
Q

sympathetic nerve fibers innervate this layer

A

Tunica Media

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11
Q

Tunica Media is in control of what?

A

Vasoconstriction: Decreased lumen
Vasodilation: increased lumen diameter

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12
Q

bulkiest layer responsible for maintaing blood flow and blood pressure

A

Tunica Media

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13
Q

This layer is also called the Tunica adventitia

A

Tunica Externa

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14
Q

Tunica Externa

A

collagen fibers protect and reinforce wall and anchor it to surround structures.

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15
Q

This layer is infiltrated with nerve fibers lymphatic vessels

A

Tunica Externa

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16
Q

System of tiny blood vessels found in larger vessels

A

Vasa Vasorum

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17
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

Thick walled with large, low resistance lumen

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18
Q

The aorta and its major branches are ____ arteries

A

Elastic arteries

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19
Q

Why are the aorta and its major branches also called conducting arteries

A

Because they conduct blood from the heart to medium sized vessels.

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20
Q

elastin is found in all three layers of the tunica especially?

A

tunica media, contain mostly smooth muscle but inactive in vasoconstiriction.

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21
Q

which arteries are also called distributing arteries because they deliver blood to other organs

A

muscular arteries

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22
Q

Which arteries diameter size ranges from pinky size to pencil-lead size

A

Muscular arteries

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23
Q

Muscular arteries have the ______ ________ with more smooth muscle, but less elastic tissue

A

thickest tunica media

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24
Q

this artery is active in vasocontstriction

A

Muscular

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25
Q

this artery is the smallest of all arteries

A

Arterioles

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26
Q

Smaller arterioles are mostly single layer of ____ _____

A

Smooth muscle surrounding endothelial cells

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27
Q

What are the functions of arterioles

A

Control flow into capillary bed via vasodialation and vasoconstriction of smooth Muscle.

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28
Q

these arteries are also called resistance arteries because changing diameters change resistance to blood flow.

A

arterioles

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29
Q

Define capillaries

A

microscopic vessels; diameters so small only single RBC can pass through at a time

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30
Q

Pericytes

A

Spider-shaped stem cells help stabilize capillary walls, control permeability and play a role in vessel repair

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31
Q

What are the functions of capillaries

A

exchange gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. between blood and interstitial fluid.

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32
Q

All Capillary endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions called

A

Intercellular clefts: allow passage of fluid and small solutes

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33
Q

name the three types of capillaries

A

Continuous Capillaries
Fenestrated Capillaries
Sinusoidal Capillaries

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34
Q

Continuous capillaries are found

A

abundantly in the lungs and CNS

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35
Q

These Capillaries are unique and form the blood brain berrier

A

Continuous capillaries

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36
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are found

A

in areas involved with the active filtration, such as kidneys and intestines, or endocrine hormone secretion.

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37
Q

Swiss cheese like pores are found where and are called what

A

Found on endothelial cells of Fenestrated capillary and are called Fenestrations.

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38
Q

Sinusoidal Capillaries

A

Found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla

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39
Q

Why is the blood flow sluggish in Sinusoidal Capillaries

A

allows for modification of large molecules and blood cells that pass between blood and tissue

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40
Q

Why do the sinusoidal capillaries contain macrophages in the lining

A

to capture foreign invaders

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41
Q

an interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules

A

Capillary Bed

42
Q

Microcirculation

A

flow of blood through bed

43
Q

Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels, these are?

A

Vascular shunt and True Capillaries

44
Q

Vascular shunt

A

channel that connects arteriole directly with venule

45
Q

True Capillaries

A

actual vessels involved in exchange

46
Q

10 to 100 exchange vessels per capillary bed

A

True Capillaries

47
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Regulate blood flow into true capillaries

48
Q

Carry blood toward the heart

A

Veins

49
Q

What is the formation of veins

A

capillary bed unite in postcapillary venules and merge into larger and larger veins

50
Q

What do veins consist of

A

endothelium and a few pericytes, they are very porous and allow fluids and white blood cells into tissues

51
Q

Larger venules consist of

A

one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

52
Q

Charicteristics of veins includeq

A

Have all tunics, but thinner walls with large lumens compared with corresponding arteries. Tunica media is thin, but tunica externa is thick- contain collagen fibers and elastic network

53
Q

_____ act like storage vessles

A

vein

54
Q

Blood resovoirs are called _____ and why?

A

Capacitance vessels- because they contain up to 65% of blood supply

55
Q

The blood pressure is lower in veins or arteries?

A

veins- adaptations ensure return of blood to the heart

56
Q

Venous Sinues

A

Flattened veins with extremely thin walls
Composed only of endothelium
Examples: Coronary sinus of the heart

57
Q

what are varicose veins

A

dilated and painful veins due to incompitent valves

58
Q

What are the factors that contribute to varicose veins

A

heredity and conditions that hinder venous return

59
Q

What other factors can cause vericose veins

A

Elevated pressure can cause varicose veins,

Such as straining to have a baby
Bowel movements raising intra abdominal pressure, resulting in varicosities in anal veins called Hemorrhoids

60
Q

Vascular anastomoses

A

interconnections of blood vessels

61
Q

Arterial anastomoses

A

provide alternate pathways to ensure continuous blood flow, even if one artery is blocked

62
Q

Arterial anastomoses is common where?

A

in joints , abdominal organs, brain , and heart

63
Q

arteriovenous anastomoses

A

shunts in capillaries

64
Q

Examples of arteriovenous anastomoses

A

metarteriole-thoroughfare channel

65
Q

Venous anastomoses

A

so abundant that occluded veins rarely block blood flow.

66
Q

blood flow

A

Overall is relatively constant when at rest, but at an given moment, varies at individual organ level, based on needs.

67
Q

blood pressure

A

is the force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood

68
Q

How dis blood pressure measured

A

expressed in mm HG

69
Q

What is blood pressure measured as

A

Measured as systemic arterial BP in large arteries near heart

70
Q

Resistance

A

opposition to flow: Measurement of amount of friction blood encounteres with vessel walls, generally in systemic circulation

71
Q

3 important sources of resistance

A

Blood Viscosity
Blood diameter
total blood vessel length

72
Q

what is blood viscosity

A

The thickness of blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins

73
Q

The greater viscosity, the less easier the _____ are able to_____ passed each other

A

molecules, slide

74
Q

Vessel Length

A

The longer the vessel more will be the resistance to flow

75
Q

what has the greatest influence on resistane

A

Blood vessel diameter

76
Q

Frequent changes of diameter of the vessel alter

A

Peripheral resistance

77
Q

fluid closer to the walls moves more ____ than in the_____ of the tube. This is called ______ ______.

A

Slowly, middle. Laminar Flow

78
Q

What has the greatest influence on resistance

A

Blood Vessel Diameter

79
Q

What is Laminar flow

A

fluid close to the walls move more slowly than in the middle of the vessel.

80
Q

IF radius is double than resistance is drops how much?

A

1/16

81
Q

WHat other obsticles change vessel diameter

A

atherosclerosis- dramatically increases resistance. Fatty plaques in the vessels.

82
Q

What is turbulent flow

A

irregular flow that causes increased resistance

83
Q

blood Flow (F) is directly proportional to

A

Pressure gradient-delta P

84
Q

Blood FLow is inversely proportional to

A

Peripheral resistance (R)

85
Q

If R increases

A

Blood flow decreases

86
Q

systemic pressure is highest where

A

in the aorta

87
Q

Steepest drop occurs where

A

in the arterioles

88
Q

Arterial blood pressure is determined by two factors

A

Elasticity and volume of blood forced into an artery at any time

89
Q

Pulsatile

A

blood pressure rising and falling with each heartbeat

90
Q

Systolic pressure

A

is pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction

91
Q

Average systolic pressure

A

120 mm Hg

92
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

lowest level or aortic pressure when heart is at rest

93
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

pressure that propels blood into tissues

94
Q

The heart spends more time in

A

Diastole

95
Q

Maintaining blood pressure requires

A

Cooperation of heart, blood vessels, and kidneys

96
Q

Three main factors regulating blood pressure

A

Cardiac Output
Peripheral resistance
blood volume

97
Q

Factors regulating blood pressure can be affected by

A

Short Term- neural control
short term-hormonal control
long term- renal control

98
Q

2 main neural mechanisms controlling peripheral resistance

A

MAP is maintained by altering blood vessel diameter, which alters resistance

Can alter blood distribution to organs in response to specific demands

99
Q

Neural controls operate via

A 
reflex arcs that involve
Cardiovascular Center
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
High Brain centers
100
Q

The Cardiovascular Center is composed of

A

Clusters of sympathetic neurons in medulla

101
Q

Cardiovascular center consists of

A

Cardioinhibitory and Cardioacceleratory centers

anatomy (11 decks)

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