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anatomy > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart.

A

Blood Vessels

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2
Q

arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart, oxygenated

except for pulmonary circulation and umbillical vessels of fetus.

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3
Q

Direct contact with tissue cells, directly serve cellular needs

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Veins

A

Carry deoxygenated blood to the hear

Except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of the fetus.

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5
Q

Lumen

A

Central blood-containing space, surrounded by a wall

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6
Q

Walls of vessels contain how many layers

A

3

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7
Q

Capillaries contain

A

Endothelium 1 layer

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8
Q

Innermost layer contact with blood.

A

Tunica Intima: Endothelium: simple squamous epithelium that lines lumen of all vessels.

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9
Q

Connective tissue basement membrane

A

Subendothelial layer

Part of the tunica Intima, found only in vessels larger than 1mm

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10
Q

sympathetic nerve fibers innervate this layer

A

Tunica Media

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11
Q

Tunica Media is in control of what?

A

Vasoconstriction: Decreased lumen
Vasodilation: increased lumen diameter

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12
Q

bulkiest layer responsible for maintaing blood flow and blood pressure

A

Tunica Media

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13
Q

This layer is also called the Tunica adventitia

A

Tunica Externa

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14
Q

Tunica Externa

A

collagen fibers protect and reinforce wall and anchor it to surround structures.

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15
Q

This layer is infiltrated with nerve fibers lymphatic vessels

A

Tunica Externa

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16
Q

System of tiny blood vessels found in larger vessels

A

Vasa Vasorum

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17
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

Thick walled with large, low resistance lumen

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18
Q

The aorta and its major branches are ____ arteries

A

Elastic arteries

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19
Q

Why are the aorta and its major branches also called conducting arteries

A

Because they conduct blood from the heart to medium sized vessels.

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20
Q

elastin is found in all three layers of the tunica especially?

A

tunica media, contain mostly smooth muscle but inactive in vasoconstiriction.

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21
Q

which arteries are also called distributing arteries because they deliver blood to other organs

A

muscular arteries

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22
Q

Which arteries diameter size ranges from pinky size to pencil-lead size

A

Muscular arteries

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23
Q

Muscular arteries have the ______ ________ with more smooth muscle, but less elastic tissue

A

thickest tunica media

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24
Q

this artery is active in vasocontstriction

A

Muscular

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25
this artery is the smallest of all arteries
Arterioles
26
Smaller arterioles are mostly single layer of ____ _____
Smooth muscle surrounding endothelial cells
27
What are the functions of arterioles
Control flow into capillary bed via vasodialation and vasoconstriction of smooth Muscle.
28
these arteries are also called resistance arteries because changing diameters change resistance to blood flow.
arterioles
29
Define capillaries
microscopic vessels; diameters so small only single RBC can pass through at a time
30
Pericytes
Spider-shaped stem cells help stabilize capillary walls, control permeability and play a role in vessel repair
31
What are the functions of capillaries
exchange gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. between blood and interstitial fluid.
32
All Capillary endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions called
Intercellular clefts: allow passage of fluid and small solutes
33
name the three types of capillaries
Continuous Capillaries Fenestrated Capillaries Sinusoidal Capillaries
34
Continuous capillaries are found
abundantly in the lungs and CNS
35
These Capillaries are unique and form the blood brain berrier
Continuous capillaries
36
Fenestrated capillaries are found
in areas involved with the active filtration, such as kidneys and intestines, or endocrine hormone secretion.
37
Swiss cheese like pores are found where and are called what
Found on endothelial cells of Fenestrated capillary and are called Fenestrations.
38
Sinusoidal Capillaries
Found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla
39
Why is the blood flow sluggish in Sinusoidal Capillaries
allows for modification of large molecules and blood cells that pass between blood and tissue
40
Why do the sinusoidal capillaries contain macrophages in the lining
to capture foreign invaders
41
an interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules
Capillary Bed
42
Microcirculation
flow of blood through bed
43
Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels, these are?
Vascular shunt and True Capillaries
44
Vascular shunt
channel that connects arteriole directly with venule
45
True Capillaries
actual vessels involved in exchange
46
10 to 100 exchange vessels per capillary bed
True Capillaries
47
Precapillary sphincters
Regulate blood flow into true capillaries
48
Carry blood toward the heart
Veins
49
What is the formation of veins
capillary bed unite in postcapillary venules and merge into larger and larger veins
50
What do veins consist of
endothelium and a few pericytes, they are very porous and allow fluids and white blood cells into tissues
51
Larger venules consist of
one or two layers of smooth muscle cells
52
Charicteristics of veins includeq
Have all tunics, but thinner walls with large lumens compared with corresponding arteries. Tunica media is thin, but tunica externa is thick- contain collagen fibers and elastic network
53
_____ act like storage vessles
vein
54
Blood resovoirs are called _____ and why?
Capacitance vessels- because they contain up to 65% of blood supply
55
The blood pressure is lower in veins or arteries?
veins- adaptations ensure return of blood to the heart
56
Venous Sinues
Flattened veins with extremely thin walls Composed only of endothelium Examples: Coronary sinus of the heart
57
what are varicose veins
dilated and painful veins due to incompitent valves
58
What are the factors that contribute to varicose veins
heredity and conditions that hinder venous return
59
What other factors can cause vericose veins
Elevated pressure can cause varicose veins, Such as straining to have a baby Bowel movements raising intra abdominal pressure, resulting in varicosities in anal veins called Hemorrhoids
60
Vascular anastomoses
interconnections of blood vessels
61
Arterial anastomoses
provide alternate pathways to ensure continuous blood flow, even if one artery is blocked
62
Arterial anastomoses is common where?
in joints , abdominal organs, brain , and heart
63
arteriovenous anastomoses
shunts in capillaries
64
Examples of arteriovenous anastomoses
metarteriole-thoroughfare channel
65
Venous anastomoses
so abundant that occluded veins rarely block blood flow.
66
blood flow
Overall is relatively constant when at rest, but at an given moment, varies at individual organ level, based on needs.
67
blood pressure
is the force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
68
How dis blood pressure measured
expressed in mm HG
69
What is blood pressure measured as
Measured as systemic arterial BP in large arteries near heart
70
Resistance
opposition to flow: Measurement of amount of friction blood encounteres with vessel walls, generally in systemic circulation
71
3 important sources of resistance
Blood Viscosity Blood diameter total blood vessel length
72
what is blood viscosity
The thickness of blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins
73
The greater viscosity, the less easier the _____ are able to_____ passed each other
molecules, slide
74
Vessel Length
The longer the vessel more will be the resistance to flow
75
what has the greatest influence on resistane
Blood vessel diameter
76
Frequent changes of diameter of the vessel alter
Peripheral resistance
77
fluid closer to the walls moves more ____ than in the_____ of the tube. This is called ______ ______.
Slowly, middle. Laminar Flow
78
What has the greatest influence on resistance
Blood Vessel Diameter
79
What is Laminar flow
fluid close to the walls move more slowly than in the middle of the vessel.
80
IF radius is double than resistance is drops how much?
1/16
81
WHat other obsticles change vessel diameter
atherosclerosis- dramatically increases resistance. Fatty plaques in the vessels.
82
What is turbulent flow
irregular flow that causes increased resistance
83
blood Flow (F) is directly proportional to
Pressure gradient-delta P
84
Blood FLow is inversely proportional to
Peripheral resistance (R)
85
If R increases
Blood flow decreases
86
systemic pressure is highest where
in the aorta
87
Steepest drop occurs where
in the arterioles
88
Arterial blood pressure is determined by two factors
Elasticity and volume of blood forced into an artery at any time
89
Pulsatile
blood pressure rising and falling with each heartbeat
90
Systolic pressure
is pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
91
Average systolic pressure
120 mm Hg
92
Diastolic pressure
lowest level or aortic pressure when heart is at rest
93
Mean arterial pressure
pressure that propels blood into tissues
94
The heart spends more time in
Diastole
95
Maintaining blood pressure requires
Cooperation of heart, blood vessels, and kidneys
96
Three main factors regulating blood pressure
Cardiac Output Peripheral resistance blood volume
97
Factors regulating blood pressure can be affected by
Short Term- neural control short term-hormonal control long term- renal control
98
2 main neural mechanisms controlling peripheral resistance
MAP is maintained by altering blood vessel diameter, which alters resistance Can alter blood distribution to organs in response to specific demands
99
Neural controls operate via
``` reflex arcs that involve Cardiovascular Center Baroreceptors Chemoreceptors High Brain centers ```
100
The Cardiovascular Center is composed of
Clusters of sympathetic neurons in medulla
101
Cardiovascular center consists of
Cardioinhibitory and Cardioacceleratory centers

anatomy (11 decks)

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