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anatomy > chapter 17 part 2 > Flashcards

chapter 17 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 examples of erythrocyte disorders

A

Polycythemia and Anemia

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2
Q

Blood that has abnormally low O2 capacity that is too low to support normal metabolism is called what?

A

Anemia

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3
Q

Common symptoms of anemia inlcue

A

Pale Skin, Shivering, Hard to breathe, and fatigued

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4
Q

Three groups based on types of Anemia inclue

A

Blood Loss, Not enough RBCs being produced and too many RBC’s being destroyed.

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5
Q

Blood Loss Anemia is called?

A

Hemorrhagic anmia-acutte

Chronic hemorrhagic anemia-slight but persistant anemia.

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6
Q

Anemia where not enough Blood cells are being produced is called what? What type of RBCs are being produced

A

Iron deficiency anemia, Microcytes

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7
Q

Autoimmune disease that destroys stomach mucosa that produces intrinsic factor is called

A

Pernicious anemia

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8
Q

WHat is intrinsic factor used for

A

Absorb B12 and B12 is need to help RBCs divide

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9
Q

What type of cells are being produced when a person has pernicious anemia

A

Macrocytes

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10
Q

Anemia Caused by lack of EPO is called what

A

Renal Anemia

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11
Q

WHat is the treated of Renal Anemia

A

Synthetic EPO

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12
Q

Destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow is called

A

Aplastic Anemia

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13
Q

Aplastic Anemia is caused by what

A

drugs chemicals or radiation

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14
Q

Treatment for aplastic anemia

A

transfusions and stem cell transplants

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15
Q

Two types of Anemia that cause RBCs to be destroyed are

A

Thalessemias and Sickle- Cell anemia

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16
Q

Anemia typically found in people of Mediterranean ancestry

A

Thalassemias

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17
Q

What is absent with Thalassemias

A

one globin chain

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18
Q

Mutated Hemoglobin is caused from what

A

Sickle-cell anemia

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19
Q

abnormal excess of RBC’s

A

Polycythemia

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20
Q

Bone Marrow Cancer Leading to Excess RBC’s

A

Polycythemia Vera

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21
Q

hematocrit can rise as high as ___ during Polycythemia

A

80%

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22
Q

Secondary Polycythemai

A

Caused by low O2 levels or increased EPO production

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23
Q

Blood doping?

A

Athletes remove, reuse, or restore RBC’s before an event to increase stamina

24
Q

a formed element that is complete with a nucleus is called

A

Leukocyte or white blood cell

25
Q

Diapedesis is a movement of?

A

leukocytes from out of the blood into the tissues

26
Q

How do leukocytes move through tissue spaces?

A

through amoeboid motion and positive chemotaxis

27
Q

When the white blood cell count is over 11,000 Ul

A

Leukocytosis

28
Q

Three Types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, esoinophils, and basophils

29
Q

Explain the granulocytes

A

Larger and short lived
Contain lobed nucleus rather than circular
granules stain with Wrights stain
All phagocytic to some degree

30
Q

Defensins are defined as what? and which wbc does it fall under?

A

Antimicrobial proteins, Neutrophils

31
Q

Which cell is referred to as a Bacteria slayer?

A

neutrophil, multilobed

32
Q

Process by which microbes are killed? with neutrophils

A

Respiratory burst

33
Q

Which cell contains digestive enzymes that release on parasitic worms, digesting their surface?

A

Eosinophils which are bilobed.

34
Q

Large purplish black granules, is bilobed and granules contain histamine

A

Basophils, less than 1%

35
Q

Agranulocytes include what two cells

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

36
Q

Two types of lymphocytes are

A

T cells-act against virus infected tumor cells

B cells- give rise to plasma cells and produce antibodies

37
Q

Large spherical nucleus, blue cytoplasm

A

Lymphocyte

38
Q

Kidney shaped nucleus

A

Monocytes

39
Q

Which cell is crucial againt viruses, intracellular bacterial paracytes and chronic infections?

A

Monocytes: leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages

40
Q

Overproduction of white blood cells

A

Leukemias and infectious mono

41
Q

Abnormally low count of wbc’s

A

leokopenias

42
Q

Leukemias are named according to what?

A

WBC clone involved

43
Q

Myeloid leukemia involves?

A

Myeloid blasts

44
Q

Lymphocytic leukemia involves

A

lymphocytes

45
Q

Primarily infects children

A

acute leukemia

46
Q

Primarily infectsolder people

A

Chronic leukemia and involves proliferation of later cell stages

47
Q

Leukemia will eventually lead to what without treatment

A

Anemia, bleeding and death

48
Q

Treatment for leukemia

A

radiation, stem cell transplants

49
Q

What infection usually results in high numbers of typical agranulocytes that become enlarged

A

MONO

50
Q

Platelets are defined as

A

Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
Blue staining outer region; purple granules
Granules contain seratonin

51
Q

normal amount of platelets

A

150,000- 400,000 per ml/blood

52
Q

What are the chemicals involved in the clotting process

A

serotonin, calcium, enzymes, ADP, platelet derived growth factor

53
Q

How are circulating platelets kept inactive

A

by nitric oxide and prostacyclin from endothelial cells lining the blood vessels

54
Q

A fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding

A

Hemostasis

55
Q

Three steps involved in hemostasis

A

Vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation

56
Q

Vascular spasm is triggered by

A

Direct injury to the smooth muscle tissue

57
Q

A positive feedback cycle by the platelet plug formation is considered to be

A

They release more chemicals which cause more palelets to stick causing more platelets to release more chemicals causing platelets to stick

anatomy (11 decks)

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