Chapter 18

Question 1

How big is the heart

Answer 1

About the size of the fist and weighs less than 1 pound

Question 2

What is the location of the heart?

Answer 2

In between the 2nd and 5th intercostal

Question 3

A double walled sac that surrounds the heart made up of 2 layers is called what

Answer 3

Pericardium

Question 4

Deep 2 layered wall of the heart is called:

Answer 4

Serous Pericardium

Question 5

2 layers of the serous pericardium

Answer 5

Parietal Layer and Visceral Layer

Question 6

lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

Answer 6

Parietal layer

Question 7

lines the outside of the heart

Answer 7

Visceral layer located under the parietal layer

Question 8

Fluid in between parietal and visceral layer

Answer 8

Paricardial cavity

Question 9

Inflammation of the pericardium, causes what

Answer 9

Pericardial Friction

Question 10

Inflammation of the pericardium

Answer 10

Pericarditis

Question 11

Excess fluid that leaks into pericardial space

Answer 11

Cardiac temponade

Question 12

Three layers of the heart walls include

Answer 12

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 13

visceral layer of serous pericardium

Answer 13

Epicardium

Question 14

Myocardium consists of what

Answer 14

circular or contractile cardiac muscle cells

Question 15

Crisscrossing of connective tissue is called

Answer 15

Cardiac skeleton

Question 16

Functions of the cardiac skeleton include

Answer 16

anchors cardiac muscle fibers
Supports great vessels and valves
Limits spread of action potentials

Question 17

Inner most layer of the heart wall

Answer 17

endocardium: lines chambers and covers cardiac skeleton

Question 18

encircles junction of atria and ventricles

Answer 18

coronary sulcus

Question 19

The receiving chambers of the heart

Answer 19

Atria

Question 20

Appendages that increase atrial volume

Answer 20

Auricles

Question 21

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Answer 21

The right atrium

Question 22

Describe the pectinate muscles

Answer 22

Posterior ridges inside the right atrium

Question 23

Posterior and anterior regions of the atra are separated by what

Answer 23

Crista terminalis

Question 24

three veins that return blood to the right atrium

Answer 24

Superior vena cava,
inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus

Question 25

Superior vena cava

Answer 25

Returns the blood to the right atrium from all regions above the diaphragm

Question 26

inferior vena cava

Answer 26

returns blood to the right atrium from all regions below the diaphragm

Question 27

Coronary sinus

Answer 27

Returns blood to the right atrium from coronary veins

Question 28

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Answer 28

Left atrium

Question 29

Which atrium are the pectinate muscles found only in the auricles

Answer 29

Left atrium

Question 30

how many pulmonary veins return blood from the lungs

Answer 30

4

Question 31

what makes up the most volume of the heart

Answer 31

Ventricles

Question 32

The most anterior surface

Answer 32

right ventricle

Question 33

posteroinferior surface

Answer 33

left ventricle

Question 34

Irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls

Answer 34

Trabeculae carnea

Question 35

The right ventricle pumps blood to wear

Answer 35

to the pulmonary trunk and to the lungs

Question 36

The left ventricle pumps blood to

Answer 36

THE Aorta

Question 37

The _____________ ensure unidirectional flow through heart

Answer 37

The heart valves

Question 38

Where are the atrioventricular valves located

Answer 38

between the atria and ventricles

Question 39

Where are the semilunar vlaves located

Answer 39

Between the ventricles and major arteries

Question 40

2 types of Atrioventricular vlaves

Answer 40

Bicuspid and Tricuspid

Question 41

Made up of three cusps and lies between the right atria and right ventricles

Answer 41

Tricuspid

Question 42

Made up of two cusps and lays between the left atria and left ventricle

Answer 42

bicuspid

Question 43

what anchors the cusps

Answer 43

chordae tendinae

Question 44

what does the chordae tendinae anchor the cusps to

Answer 44

papillary muscles

Question 45

whats the purpose of the papillary muscles

Answer 45

helps to hold valve flaps closed

Question 46

Two conditions involving the valves severely weaken the heart are

Answer 46

Incompetent valve and valvular stenosis

Question 47

How can a defective valve of valvular stenosis be repaired

Answer 47

it can be replaced with an animal valve

Question 48

What condition describes stiff flaps that constrict opening?

Answer 48

Valvular stenosis

Question 49

Low pressure circulation

Answer 49

Pulmonary Circuit

Question 50

High pressure circulation

Answer 50

Systemic Circuit

Question 51

anatemosis

Answer 51

(junctions)

Question 52

Blood backflows so heart repumps same blood is a conditioned of what?

Answer 52

Incompetent Valve

Question 53

Are equal volumes of blood pumped into the right pulmonary and system cicuits

Answer 53

yes

Question 54

Prolonged coronary blockage

Answer 54

Myocardial infarcrtion

Question 55

Describe the functions of Cardiac Muscle

Answer 55

Cells are striated, short, branched, fat and interconnected. IT has one central nucleus, sometimes 2. Contains numerous large mitochondria. they take up (25-35% of cell volume) that afford resistance to fatigue.

Question 56

How are cardiac muscle cells different than skeletal muscle cells?

Answer 56

T tubules are wider, but less numerous, they enter cell at Z disc. SR simpler than in skeletal muscle, no triads.

Question 57

what are the intercalated discs

Answer 57

Connecting junctions between cardiac cells that contain Gap junctions.

Question 58

Heart is a single coordinated unit. This is called

Answer 58

functional synctium

Question 59

Intercellular space between cells. This is called what.

Answer 59

Endomysium

Question 60

How does the physiology of Skeletal and Cardiac muscle differ?

Answer 60

Muscle contraction is preceded by depolarizing action potential. Depolarization wave travels down T tubules; causes sarcoplasmic reticl

Question 61

The right side of the heart pumps blood into which circuit

Answer 61

The pulmonary circuit

Question 62

The left of the heart pumps blood into which circuit

Answer 62

The systemic circuit

Question 63

Matrix of loose connective tissue connecting the Muscle to cardiac skeleton

Answer 63

intercellular space

Question 64

What allows electrical current to travel from one cell to another

Answer 64

desmosomes

Question 65

Why do all fibers of the heart contract as on unit?

Answer 65

Gap junctions electrically tie all cardiac muscle cells toghether

Question 66

Release of calcium is triggered by an influx of what?

Answer 66

Calcium from the extracellular fluid

Question 67

what prevents tetanic contractions in the heart

Answer 67

the long refractory period

Question 68

The cardiac muscles are aerobic, meaning it relies only on what

Answer 68

Oxygen.

Question 69

IS cardiac muscle capable of switching nutrient pathways?

Answer 69

Yes, It can use other nutrients including lactic acid. But must have oxygen.

Question 70

What does the heart depend on to provide stimulation?

Answer 70

it relies on gap junctions to electrify impulses throughout the heart

Question 71

the intrinsic cardiac system consists of

Answer 71

Cardiac pacemaker cells that have an unstable resting potential and produce pacemaker potentials that continually depolarize.