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anatomy > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

How big is the heart

A

About the size of the fist and weighs less than 1 pound

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2
Q

What is the location of the heart?

A

In between the 2nd and 5th intercostal

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3
Q

A double walled sac that surrounds the heart made up of 2 layers is called what

A

Pericardium

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4
Q

Deep 2 layered wall of the heart is called:

A

Serous Pericardium

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5
Q

2 layers of the serous pericardium

A

Parietal Layer and Visceral Layer

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6
Q

lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal layer

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7
Q

lines the outside of the heart

A

Visceral layer located under the parietal layer

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8
Q

Fluid in between parietal and visceral layer

A

Paricardial cavity

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9
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium, causes what

A

Pericardial Friction

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10
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

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11
Q

Excess fluid that leaks into pericardial space

A

Cardiac temponade

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12
Q

Three layers of the heart walls include

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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13
Q

visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

Epicardium

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14
Q

Myocardium consists of what

A

circular or contractile cardiac muscle cells

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15
Q

Crisscrossing of connective tissue is called

A

Cardiac skeleton

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16
Q

Functions of the cardiac skeleton include

A

anchors cardiac muscle fibers
Supports great vessels and valves
Limits spread of action potentials

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17
Q

Inner most layer of the heart wall

A

endocardium: lines chambers and covers cardiac skeleton

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18
Q

encircles junction of atria and ventricles

A

coronary sulcus

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19
Q

The receiving chambers of the heart

A

Atria

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20
Q

Appendages that increase atrial volume

A

Auricles

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21
Q

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

A

The right atrium

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22
Q

Describe the pectinate muscles

A

Posterior ridges inside the right atrium

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23
Q

Posterior and anterior regions of the atra are separated by what

A

Crista terminalis

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24
Q

three veins that return blood to the right atrium

A

Superior vena cava,
inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus

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25
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Returns the blood to the right atrium from all regions above the diaphragm

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26
Q

inferior vena cava

A

returns blood to the right atrium from all regions below the diaphragm

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27
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Returns blood to the right atrium from coronary veins

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28
Q

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

A

Left atrium

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29
Q

Which atrium are the pectinate muscles found only in the auricles

A

Left atrium

30
Q

how many pulmonary veins return blood from the lungs

A

4

31
Q

what makes up the most volume of the heart

A

Ventricles

32
Q

The most anterior surface

A

right ventricle

33
Q

posteroinferior surface

A

left ventricle

34
Q

Irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls

A

Trabeculae carnea

35
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood to wear

A

to the pulmonary trunk and to the lungs

36
Q

The left ventricle pumps blood to

A

THE Aorta

37
Q

The _____________ ensure unidirectional flow through heart

A

The heart valves

38
Q

Where are the atrioventricular valves located

A

between the atria and ventricles

39
Q

Where are the semilunar vlaves located

A

Between the ventricles and major arteries

40
Q

2 types of Atrioventricular vlaves

A

Bicuspid and Tricuspid

41
Q

Made up of three cusps and lies between the right atria and right ventricles

A

Tricuspid

42
Q

Made up of two cusps and lays between the left atria and left ventricle

A

bicuspid

43
Q

what anchors the cusps

A

chordae tendinae

44
Q

what does the chordae tendinae anchor the cusps to

A

papillary muscles

45
Q

whats the purpose of the papillary muscles

A

helps to hold valve flaps closed

46
Q

Two conditions involving the valves severely weaken the heart are

A

Incompetent valve and valvular stenosis

47
Q

How can a defective valve of valvular stenosis be repaired

A

it can be replaced with an animal valve

48
Q

What condition describes stiff flaps that constrict opening?

A

Valvular stenosis

49
Q

Low pressure circulation

A

Pulmonary Circuit

50
Q

High pressure circulation

A

Systemic Circuit

51
Q

anatemosis

A

(junctions)

52
Q

Blood backflows so heart repumps same blood is a conditioned of what?

A

Incompetent Valve

53
Q

Are equal volumes of blood pumped into the right pulmonary and system cicuits

A

yes

54
Q

Prolonged coronary blockage

A

Myocardial infarcrtion

55
Q

Describe the functions of Cardiac Muscle

A

Cells are striated, short, branched, fat and interconnected. IT has one central nucleus, sometimes 2. Contains numerous large mitochondria. they take up (25-35% of cell volume) that afford resistance to fatigue.

56
Q

How are cardiac muscle cells different than skeletal muscle cells?

A

T tubules are wider, but less numerous, they enter cell at Z disc. SR simpler than in skeletal muscle, no triads.

57
Q

what are the intercalated discs

A

Connecting junctions between cardiac cells that contain Gap junctions.

58
Q

Heart is a single coordinated unit. This is called

A

functional synctium

59
Q

Intercellular space between cells. This is called what.

A

Endomysium

60
Q

How does the physiology of Skeletal and Cardiac muscle differ?

A

Muscle contraction is preceded by depolarizing action potential.
Depolarization wave travels down T tubules; causes sarcoplasmic reticl

61
Q

The right side of the heart pumps blood into which circuit

A

The pulmonary circuit

62
Q

The left of the heart pumps blood into which circuit

A

The systemic circuit

63
Q

Matrix of loose connective tissue connecting the Muscle to cardiac skeleton

A

intercellular space

64
Q

What allows electrical current to travel from one cell to another

A

desmosomes

65
Q

Why do all fibers of the heart contract as on unit?

A

Gap junctions electrically tie all cardiac muscle cells toghether

66
Q

Release of calcium is triggered by an influx of what?

A

Calcium from the extracellular fluid

67
Q

what prevents tetanic contractions in the heart

A

the long refractory period

68
Q

The cardiac muscles are aerobic, meaning it relies only on what

A

Oxygen.

69
Q

IS cardiac muscle capable of switching nutrient pathways?

A

Yes, It can use other nutrients including lactic acid. But must have oxygen.

70
Q

What does the heart depend on to provide stimulation?

A

it relies on gap junctions to electrify impulses throughout the heart

71
Q

the intrinsic cardiac system consists of

A

Cardiac pacemaker cells that have an unstable resting potential and produce pacemaker potentials that continually depolarize.

anatomy (11 decks)

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