Chapter 18: Social change Flashcards
What was the Legion of Honour (1802) ?
- reward to people who served Napoleon well
Who did the Legion of Honour benefit? How was it an example of meritocracy?
- majority of awards went to military
- it was only given to reward loyalty as he wanted support from the influential classes
What was Imperial Nobility?
- N gave princely titles to his family (1804)
- (1806) ducal titles for senior military members
What is ralliement?
- rallying everyone around the regime
What is Amalgame?
- reconciling old nobility and new ruling elites
Who did the Imperial nobility benefit? How was it an example of meritocracy?
- given mainly to military and nobility (ralliement)
- not meritocracy as only given out to ensure the loyalty of influentials or nepotism
How did Napoleon change education (1802 & 1808)?
1802:
- primary schools subject to inspection
- secondary schools
- secular curriculum and military discipline in schools
1808;
- Imperial University meant to maintain state and private education
- all staff required to make oath of loyalty
Who did the education reforms (1802) benefit?
- benefitted property owning classes and elites as secondary education appealed to them (so sent sons)
- N as made to encourage loyalty and get children to join military
How did Napoleon introduce religious independence and freedom?
- Dec 1799: Churches can open any day
- Apr 1802: Organic Articles included religious toleration of 700,000 Protestants and 40,000 Jews
- 1804: freedom of conscience guaranteed for all Jews
How did Napoleon restrict religious freedom (specifically catholicism)?
- 1805: religious orders begin to instruct primary schools
- Jan 1806: return to Christian Gregorian calendar
- 1806: Napoleon ignored Pope and published his own catechism which was taught in schools
How did Napoleon revise women’s rights?
- Civil Code of 1804: gave women more authority over moveable property in marriage
- introduced divorce by mutual consent
- women still very much not equal, N believed women were desperate for marriage
How did Napoleon revise censorship laws?
- reduced no. of Parisian newspapers from 73 (1799) to 4 (1801), until 1810 when only 1 newspaper per departement
- (1810) introduced a censorship board to approve/reject books
- banned controversial subjects so only officials and military bulletins could discuss them
How did Napoleon revise propaganda?
- military bulletins introduced so N can depict himself as the victor even if he lost
- started building programmes to improve public image
How did Napoleon control religion?
- July 1801 Concordat: agreement with Pope recognises Catholicism of the majority religion, clergy must take oath of loyalty
- Apr 1802: Organic Articles undermined Pope as all Papal documents had to be approved by govt.
- Dec 1804: N humiliated Pope at coronation as he crowned himself
- 1806: Napoleon undermined Pope as he published his own catechism to be taught in schools
- June 1809: Napoleon excommunicated
- July 1809: Napoleon arrests the Pope
- 1813: N forces Pope to sign Concordat of Fontainebleau proposing he resides in Paris, but it was never implemented
