Chapter 18 - Diganostic Sampling book - some lecture

Question 1

What should be done before the administration of fluids and/or medications?

Answer 1

blood and urine samples

Question 2

What can alter blood or urine laboratory values?

Answer 2

administration of fluids and recent ingestion of high-fat or high-protein meal

Question 3

What are some factors that determined the route used when administering fluids and medication?

Answer 3

patient’s condition and temperament, types of medication or fluid, urgency involved in administering fluid or medication, cost, ease of administration, and whether a systemic or local effect is desired

Question 4

Pulverized tablets and the contents of capsules can be mixed with?

Answer 4

a small volume of food, water, or flavored liquid

Question 5

How should liquid medication be administered when using a syringe or dropper?

Answer 5

the patient’s lower lip is pulled out at the commissure
The tip of the syringe or dropper is placed between the cheek and the gums
Small volumes of liquid are injected
Muzzle should be held at a neutral angle and not elevated

Question 6

An animal that will not consume baited food is medicated how?

Answer 6

by tilting the head back, prying open the jaws, and placing the pill far back on the base of the tongue
Then hold muzzle closed, rub under animal’s chin, tap the tip of the nose, or blow air into the nostrils to stimulate the animal to swallow

Question 7

What should you do after giving a dry pill?

Answer 7

follow up with administration of liquid via a syringe such as flavored liquid (chicken broth or tuna juice)

Question 8

Why is it best to follow up with liquid after giving a dry pill?

Answer 8

because it takes minutes for some medication to travel down the esophagus which can cause irritation and esophageal strictures (a condition in which the diameter of the esophagus is made narrow by scar tissue)

Question 9

What is orogastric intubation?

Answer 9

placing a tube through the mouth and into the distal esophagus or stomach

Question 10

Why would you need to do a orogastric intubation?

Answer 10

administer medication, food, or fluids, activated charcoal solutions or to lavage the stomach to treat animals that have ingested toxins.
Neonates that are orphans or too weak to nurse can be fed milk replacer this way.
Can be used to decompress a patient with gastric dilatation (bloated stomach)

Question 11

What type of tube is used to do a orogastric intubation and how long should it be?

Answer 11

10 to 22 French plastic or rubber tube is used and then you need to measure from tip of nose of animal to the 13th rib - then mark this distance on the tube with tape or ink

Question 12

If the tube for a orogastric intubation is to be placed in the distal esophagus to feed an animal what is the distance needed?

Answer 12

measure the distance between the tip of the nose and the 8th rib and mark the distance on the tube with tape or ink

Question 13

What should be used to lubricate a tube for a orogastric intubation?

Answer 13

water-soluble gel is used to lubricate the tip of the tube

Question 14

What should be verified, when doing a orogastric intubation prior to introduction of any medications or fluids?

Answer 14

Correct placement of the tube in the gastrointestinal tract

Question 15

How is fluid added to the tube for a orogastric intubation?

Answer 15

with a 60-mL syringe, a metal drench pump, or a funnel

Question 16

What is the technique used to prevent backflow of fluid when removing the tube after doing a orogastric intubation?

Answer 16

Bend the tube to occlude (stop or close up) it and then is withdrawn in a downward direction

Question 17

What is a transdermal patch with fentanyl citrate used for?

Answer 17

analgesics placed on shaved, dry region of the skin

Question 18

What can be used to desensitize the skin before a venipuncture?

Answer 18

a topical application of cream such as EMLA cream, lidocaine, and prilocaine). Creme must be on skin for at least several minutes (ideally 30-60 min.) for it to reach its maximal effectiveness

Question 19

How do you administer medication intrarectally?

Answer 19

a gloved,lubricated finger is used to insert the tablet into the rectum a distance of at least 5 cm - the medication is then gradually absorbed

Question 20

Antiseizures drugs such as diazepam can be given _____ if an IV or intranasal administration is difficult to perform.

Answer 20

intrarectally

Question 21

How do we administer antiseizure drugs intrarectally?

Answer 21

a lubricated short rubber feeding tube or a urinary catheter is inserted 8 to 10 cm into the rectum.- after drug is injected through the catheter, several milliliters of warm water are then flushed into the catheter to disperse the drug

Question 22

What is the preferred site for most SC (subcutaneous) injections?

Answer 22

dorsolateral region from the neck to the hips

Question 23

Where should insulin be injected?

Answer 23

a fold of skin is tented, and the needle is inserted at the base of and parallel to the long axis of the fold.

Question 24

When is the intramuscular route used?

Answer 24

appropriate for the injection of small volumes of medication

Question 25

What is never used as a site for intramuscular injections?

Answer 25

the neck

Question 26

What area is not recommended for thin animals as an injection site?

Answer 26

lumbosacral muscles

Question 27

“When injections are made into the semimembranous or semitendinosus muscles, the needle should enter the lateral aspect of the muscle and be directed caudally to prevent penetration of the _______ nerve.
“

Answer 27

gastrocnemius

Question 28

Most ventipunctures in cats and dogs are performed with _____ gauge needles.

Answer 28

22

Question 29

Larger-gauge needles, such as 20- and 18-gauge, may be used in _____ breed dogs and in most farm animals.

Answer 29

larger

Question 30

When are smaller gauge needles used (25- to 28-)?

Give an example of a situation?”

Answer 30

with smaller vessels, fragile vessels, or multiple venipuncture

When trying to establish a blood glucose curve

Question 31

How long do you apply pressure over the venipuncture site? What should the site be monitored for?

Answer 31

at least 30 seconds bleeding or hematoma formation for several minutes

Question 32

Where is an alternative, less painful area to collect a sample?

Answer 32

marginal ear vein

Question 33

What does occlude mean?

Answer 33

stop, close up, or obstruct (an opening, orifice, or passage)

Question 34

What does distend the vein mean?

Answer 34

swell or cause to swell by pressure from inside

Question 35

Before a Venipuncture, what would you use 70% isopropyl alcohol for?

Answer 35

helps remove some superficial skin contaminants, causes vasodilatation (improves visualization of the vein)

Question 36

What would be an example of a procedure where you need to take blood from the marginal ear vein?

Answer 36

to check for erthroparasitic organisms, or where a diabetic pet owner could check blood glucose levels

Question 37

Where is the marginal ear vein located?

Answer 37

visualized as it courses around the periphery of the dorsal aspect of the pinna

Question 38

How do you collect a capillary sample from the pinna?

Answer 38

the pina of the ear is warmed with a heated cloth, a light source, or your hands to help vasodilate the marginal ear vein. Then wipe with a small amount of alcohol. A 23-gauge needle or lancet is used to nick the vein and the pinna is massaged until a sufficient drop of blood is obtained

Question 39

After collecting sample from the pinna, pressure should be applied to the puncture site for approx. ______ seconds.

Answer 39

15 seconds

Question 40

What is a heparinized capillary tube?

Answer 40

a capillary tube that contains heparin which renders blood incoagulable (can’t clot)

Question 41

Urine is most often collected for?

Answer 41

gross and microscopic analysis and for culture if indicated

Question 42

How much urine is needed for a quantitative urinalysis?

Answer 42

7 - 10 mL

Question 43

How long can you let a urine sample sit before it needs to be refrigerated?

Answer 43

within 30 min. of obtaining sample

Question 44

What is thoracocentesis?

Answer 44

a procedure that may be used to diagnose or treat pleural filling defects (pneumothorax or pleural effusion)

Question 45

What is needed to do a thoracocentesis procedure?

Answer 45

sterile gloves, over-the-needle catheter: 2 inch (5.08 cm) to 5 inch (12.7 cm), intravenous extension tubing, three-way stopcock, syringe, scalpel blade #15, Lidocaine 2%, clippers, antiseptic scrub and solution, vacutainer blood tubes:lavender-top EDTA and red-top clot tubes, and culture transport media