Chapter 18 - Clinical Psychology Flashcards
field of psychology that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of people with specific mental or behavioral problems
clinical psychology
person with a psychological disorder who is being treated using a biomedical approach
patient
person with a psychological disorder who is being treated with the view that his psychological distress is caused by behavioral issues and faulty through processes
client
study of how drugs affect the mind and behavior
psychopharmacology
type of drug that alleviates symptoms of mental disorder by acting on the bodily processes that may cause those symptoms
psychoactive medication
psychoactive medications used to treat disorder in which psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations, paranoia, and delusions, predominate
antipsychotic drugs
type of medication that works to alleviate symptoms of depression by altering how certain neurotransmitters–usually serotonin and norepineprine–are circulated throughout the brain
antidepressant
anti-anxiety medications used mainly to treat generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder
bensodiazephines
type of therapy in which electric shocks are sent to patents’ brains to treat certain psychological disorders in patients who don’t respond to other treatment methods
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
treatment in which parts of the brain are surgically altered to treat mental disorders
psychosurgery
interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, the goal of which is to provide support and relief from the problem
psychotherapy
type of psychotherapy involving the use of multifaceted treatments that vary depending on each person’s unique problem and take into account biological, psychological, and social influences
eclectic psychotherapy
type of therapy based on Freudian psychodynamics, that unconscious conflicts underlie mental disorders, and these conflicts make their way to the surface through a person’s speech and behavior
psychodynamic therapy
type of psychotherapy that relates closely to Freudian concepts like the influence of the unconscious. It requires patients to talk to a psychiatrist about their lives while the psychiatrist listens, analyzes, and interprets each word
psychoanalysis
psychoanalytic technique in which the therapist encourages the client to relax his mind and, starting from a recent experience, a memory, or a dream, report every image or idea that enters awareness, refraining from logic or self-editing
free association
what a person explicitly remembers about a dream, including storyline, characters, and details
manifest content
describes the unconscious meaning of a dream
latent content
refers to a client’s attempt to avoid doing therapeutic work
resistance
instance in which a client’s unconscious feelings about a significant person in his life are instead directed toward the therapist
transference
a healing emotional release
catharsis
type of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve their relationships, particularly their current relationships, as a means of resolving their psychological problems
interpersonal psychotherapy
type of humanistic therapy in which the therapeutic process focuses squarely on the client’s abilities and insights rather than the therapist’s thoughts and skills
person-centered therapy / client-centered therapy
type of humanistic therapy in which the therapist attempts to make the client feel whole by helping him feel aware of and responsible for his thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings
gestalt therapy
type of therapy that is led by a therapist and involves a group of clients experiencing psychological disorders
group therapy
type of therapy in which the therapist views the family as a single unit and attempts to resolve conflicts and stresses that arise among the family members
family therapy
type of therapy centered on the idea that psychological problems are caused by faulty or irrational thinking, which in turn produces faulty or irrational behaviors; focuses on getting the client to change the way he thinks or behaves
cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)
type of therapy based on the theory that people’s psychological problems can be traced to their own illogical or disturbed beliefs and thoughts; attempts to replace those cognitive patterns with healthier ones
cognitive therapy
therapeutic technique in which therapists teach clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotional states and to replace negative thinking with realistic and positive thinking
cognitive restructuring
therapeutic technique in which clients are taught how to evaluate and cope with various stressors and are then exposed to increasingly stressful situations in a controlled environment to strengthen these coping mechanisms
stress inoculation training
type of therapy that attempts to change behaviors associated with psychological distress
behavioral therapy
process that involves replacing unwanted responses to particular situations with new responses
counterconditioning
type of counterconditioning in which people who have a fear or phobia are repeatedly exposed to what they fear over several sessions until they become so accustomed to it that they no longer fear it
exposure treatment
variation of exposure treatment in which people, within a therapeutic environment, learn to pair states of deep relaxation with thoughts of anxiety provoking situations, with the goal of replacing the anxiety felt during these situations with relaxation
systematic desensitizatione
type of exposure treatment in which clients are exposed to very intense stimuli by being asked to imagine an extreme version of their fears or phobias
implosion therapy
type of exposure treatment in which clients are exposed to fear-inducing stimuli in an intense way by directly exposing them to the stimuli
flooding
form of exposure therapy in which therapists instruct clients to focus on a disturbing image or traumatic memory as they move their eyes back and forth, with the goal of helping them deal with the psychological issues brought on by the trauma
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
type of therapy in which a harmful stimulus is paired with a negative response, with the goal of replacing the usual positive response (e.g. pleasure while smoking) with the negative one
aversive conditioning
operant conditioning strategy that involves altering the relationship between a person’s actions and those actions’ consequences to replace unwanted behaviors with desirable ones
contingency management
operant conditioning procedure in which individuals earn tokens when they exhibit desirable behavior
token economy
explicit agreement that thoroughly explains the consequences of several behaviors as well as expectations of the client and the therapist
behavioral contract
type of therapy designed to modify client’s problematic patterns through observation and behavior reinforcement
social learning therapy
