Chapter 13 - Emotion & Motivation Flashcards
subjective reaction to an object, event, person, or memory
emotion
described feeling associated with emotion
affective component
free-floating emotional feeling that does not relate directly to a stimulus
mood
heightened body reaction to a stimulus
physiological arousal
outward sign that a person is experiencing an emotion
expressive behavior
brain’s remembered response to experiencing an emotion
cognitive experience
supposes that facial expressions are understood across cultures
universality hypothesis
proposes that the physiological experience of heart pounding or tears flowing causes a person to feel afraid or sad
James-Lange theory
proposes that the mental and physiological components of emotions happen simultaneously
Cannon-Bard theory
states that cognitive evaluation happens alongside a person’s physiological arousal to create the emotion experienced
Schacter and Singer two-factor theory
states that how a person perceives an environment feeds back into physiological arousal and influences what the person feels
Schacter’s cognition-plus-feedback
caused by the prior experience of a stimulus, and primes us to react in a certain way
exposure effect
essential for unconscious emotional responses
amygdala
states that if a person notices a particular physiological response, that person has to decide what it means before being able to feel an emotion
cognitive-appraisal theory
assigning the incorrect meaning to an emotion because of a particular physiological response
misattribution
part of the brain that receives sensory information, processes it, and sends it to the cortex
thalamus
pathway between the thalamus and amygdala through which the amygdala receives projections from sensory organs
rapid subcortical pathway
pathway that sends messages from the thalamus to the visual cortex and then back to the amygdala, allowing a person’s perceptions to affect his or her emotions
slower cortical pathway
part of the brain involved in auditory processing
temporal lobe
inability to interpret the significance of a sensory stimulus because of an inability to experience the correct emotional response
psychic blindness
responsible for mediating conflicting thoughts, choosing between right and wrong; essential for cognitive experience of emotion
prefrontal cortex
type of surgery in which the prefrontal area of the brain is disables, causing people to feel less intense emotions but also leaving them unable to plan or manage their lives
prefrontal lobotomy
part of the PNS that performs tasks that are not consciously controlled
autonomic nervous system
part of the ANS that tells the hypothalamus to release adrenaline to prepare the body for action
sympathetic division
part of the ANS that brings the body back to its resting state after actions caused by intense emotions
parasympathetic division
area of the brain underneath that frontal cortex that is involved in experiencing pleasure
nucleus accumbens
states that a person who makes a certain facial expression will feel the corresponding emotion, as long as the person is not feeling some other competing emotion
facial feedback hypothesis
46 unique movements involved in facial expressions that indicate emotion
action units
an exaggeration of emotions
a muting of emotions
intensification / deintensification
refers to showing one emotion while feeling another
masking
refers to showing no emotion, even though the person is actually feeling one
neutralizing
the form or shape of something
morphology
the selective perception of stimuli congruent with the emotional state of the person experiencing the stimuli
mood-congruent processing
use of cognitive strategies to control and influence a person’s own emotional response
emotion regulation
refers to a person’s imagining how he would feel about something that might not happen in the future
affective forecasting
a positive or negative value along a continuum
valence
all emotions have a valence and also very in degree of arousal
states that a person should express emotions to prevent those emotions from building up and exploding
catharsis theory
refers to the idea that if a person is already happy, he is more likely to be helpful
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
a person’s self-perceived satisfaction with life
subjective well-being
phenomenon in which the things a person is currently experiencing become the norm for that person, causing the person to continually want more
adaptation-level phenomenon
relates to a person’s comparison of himself to others; when the person compares himself to someone of higher/lower social standing, he feels worse/better
relative deprivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
motivation
internal factors involved in motivation
external factors involved in motivation
dispositional forces / situational forces
internal conditions that make a person tend toward certain goals
motivational states
internal conditions that make a person tend toward certain goals; caused by departure from optimal states
drives
motivation that remains in a person’s awareness /
that is not in a person’s awareness but can be easily accessed / that operates without a person’s awareness
conscious / subconscious / unconscious motivation
motivation involved with striving to achieve a positive result / to avoid a negative result
approach / avoidance motivation
unlearned complex behaviors with a fixed pattern throughout a species
instincts
states that people want to experience pleasure and avoid pain
hedonic principle
states that a person reacts when a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives him or her to reduce the need
drive-reduction theory
describes a steady and balanced inner state
homeostasis
seek to preserve homeostasis
initiate activities not required to preserve homeostasis
regulatory drives / nonregulatory drives
emphasizes that role of cognition in motivation and the importance of expectations in shaping behavior
social learning theory
explains drives by understanding them as correspondence to neural activity
central-state theory
set of neurons that create a drive
central drive system
positive or negative stimulus in the environment
incentive
task that is pleasurable in and of itself
intrinsic reward
reward that is achieved through the completion of a task
extrinsic reward
subjective feeling of pleasure derived from a reward
liking
desire to achieve a particular goal in order to receive a reward
wanting
described an act that causes a response to be more likely to occor
reinforcement
neurons involved with experiencing the positive emotions associated with receiving a reward
reward neurons
the brain’s reward pathway
medial forebrain bundle
system involved with experiencing pleasure; does not depend on dopamine
liking system
morphine like chemicals that inhibit pain and are released by the medial forebrain bundle
endorphins
system involved with achieving a goal to receive pleasure; depends heavily on dopamine
wanting system
arousal state in which a person has enough motivation but not so much so that she feels anxious or unable to perform
optimal arousal
states in general that performance peaks with moderate levels of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
pyramidal structure that shows the five needs that must be satisfied for a person to achieve self-actualization
hierarchy or needs
needs that affect a person’s physiology, such as hunger or thirst
physiological needs
feeling of being in a secure and safe environment
safety
need to feel love and avoid alienation
belongingness
need to feel achievement and self worth
esteem need
complete feeling of self-acceptance and an awareness of fulfilling one’s unique potential
self-actualization
blood sugar
glucose
hormone that reduces the level of glucose in the blood
insulin
hormone that brings on feelings of hunger
orexin
refers to signals that stop an animal from eating
anorexogenic
part of the hypothalamus that contains both appetite-stimulating and appetite-suppressing neurons
arcuate nucleus
sense of taste
gustatory sense
explains sleep as a mechanism involved to preserve energy and provide protection during the night
preservation and protection theory
explains sleep as a time for necessary rest and recuperation
body restoration theory
process through which __ are strengthened through the repetition of neurotransmitters traveling across the same ___
long term potentiation
neural connections / synapses
theory that explains sleep as a side effect of the visual and motor area neurons firing during REM sleep; dreams are a result of brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity
activation-synthesis theory
executive control system that controls behavior and is involved in the perception of physical pain
anterior cingulate cortex
states that workers decide how satisfied they feel with their jobs by comparing themselves to others
equity theory
defines job satisfaction as a worker’s sense of achieving a certain outcome based on expectancy, instrumentality, and valance
expectancy theory (CEO offered bonus, expectancy=ability to lead company successfully, instrumentality=bonus for achieving result, valence=size of bonus)
