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Psychology Final > Chapter 16 - Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

style in which a person iynteracts with the world, particularly with other people

A

personality

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2
Q

method of interpreting personality data that is person-centered and focuses on how the unique parts of a person’s personality form a consistent whole

A

idiographic approach

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3
Q

method of interpreting personality data that is variable-centered and focuses on finding consistent patterns of relationships among individuals’ traits

A

nomothetic approach

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4
Q

a person’s relatively stable disposition to behave in a certain way

A

trait

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5
Q

a person’s transient disposition to behave in a certain way

A

state

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6
Q

states that a set of meaningful and distinct personality dimensions can be used to describe how people differ from one another

A

trait theory

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7
Q

statistical technique that is used to identity patterns of correlations in responses to questionairres

A

factor analysis

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8
Q

part of the brain that activates/inhibits approach behavior in response to the anticipation of a reward/punishment

A

behavioral activation system (BAS) /

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

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9
Q

model that is used to describe personality by assessing a person’s score on each of five dimensions

A

five-factor model (“big five” theory)

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10
Q

five facts of big five theory

A

extraversion/introversion, agreeableness/antagonism, conscientiousness/unidirectedness, emotional stability/instability, openness/non-openness to experiences

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11
Q

long, scientifically rigorous questionnaire that asks questions about many different behaviors and assesses several traits at once

A

personality inventory

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12
Q

most widely used personality inventory, initially developed to identify emotional disorders but now used for a variety of other purposes

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

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13
Q

observation that personality ratings are consistent across time and among different observers, but that behavior ratings are not

A

consistency paradox

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14
Q

describes the degree to which a trait is able to be passed on genetically

A

heritability

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15
Q

focuses on the question of whether people’s behaviors are more influenced by situation factors that by personality traits

A

person-situation controversy

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16
Q

concept that unconscious processes underlie all conscious thoughts and actions

A

psychic determination

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17
Q

type of psychotherapy that relates closely to Freudian concepts like the influence of the unconscious.

A

psychoanalysis

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18
Q

requires patients to talk to a psychiatrist about their lives while the psychiatrist listens, analyzes, and interprets each word

A

psychoanalysis

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19
Q

personality theory that focuses on the interaction of mental forces

A

psychodynamic theory

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20
Q

part of the psyche that tries to satisfy a person’s basic drives and survival instincts

A

Id

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21
Q

states that a person should seek immediate gratification and pay no attention to societal expectations or constraints

A

pleasure principle

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22
Q

part of the psyche that tries to identify the basic drive that the id wants to fulfill and to come up with a realistic plan for satisfying that drive

A

ego

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23
Q

states that basic drives and survival instincts should be achieved through actions that will be pleasurable rather than painful

A

reality principle

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24
Q

part of the psyche that forces the ego to consider societal constraints and acceptable forms of behavior

A

superego

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25
Q

developmental stages during which the id’s desire for pleasure focuses on many of the body’s erogenous zones in turn

A

psychosexual stages

26
Q

focus on one particular erogenous zone of the body

A

fixation

27
Q

mental process of self-deception that helps a person alleviate his or her worry or anxiety

A

defense mechanism

28
Q

process that blocks anxiety-provoking thoughts from the conscious mind

A

repression

29
Q

error in speech that represents the surfacing of repressed memories and thoughts

A

Freudian slip

30
Q

retreat to an earlier stage of development

A

regression

31
Q

process of redirecting an unconscious and unacceptable wish or drive toward a more acceptable alternative

A

displacement

32
Q

process that occurs when displacement causes a person to direct his or her energy into more important or valuable characteristics

A

sublimation

33
Q

process of changing a wish into its more acceptable opposite

A

reaction formation

34
Q

process by which a person who unconsciously experiences an impulse attributes that impulse to someone else

A

projection

35
Q

act of unconsciously taking on the characteristics of another person who seems better able to cope with feelings of threat and anxiety

A

identification

36
Q

use of conscious reasoning to explain away anxiety-inducing thoughts and feelings

A

rationalization

37
Q

shared pool of memories and images common to all humans

A

collective unconscious

38
Q

particular image, such as mother as caretaker and nurturer, persistent across time and cultures

A

archetype

39
Q

drive for perfection and superiority throughout adulthood in an effort to compensate for feelings of both physical and mental inferiority rooted in childhood

A

inferiority complex

40
Q

presents a participant with a series of random, unfamiliar images and asks him to tell stories about them, which supposedly reflects the person’s inner hopes, fears, and desires

A

thematic apperception test (TAT)

41
Q

presents a participant with a series of nebulous inkblots and asks him to say whatever comes to mind; interpretations related to unconscious thoughts

A

Rorschach inkblod test

42
Q

type of personality theory that emphasizes people’s conscious understanding of themselves and their abilities to attain self-fulfillment

A

humanistic theory

43
Q

person’s understanding of who he is

A

self-concept

44
Q

involves valuing a person despite his or her problems and weaknesses

A

unconditional positive regard

45
Q

complete feeling of self-acceptance and awareness of fulfilling one’s unique potential

A

self-actualization

46
Q

pyramidal structure that shows the five needs that must be satisfied for a person to achieve self-actualization

A

hierarchy of needs

47
Q

life-story conception of personality

A

psychobiography

48
Q

type of personality theory that places emphasis on the beliefs and habits of though, both conscious and automatics, that a person forms through interactions with society

A

social cognitive theory

49
Q

person’s sense of controlling his environment rather than feeling helpless

A

personal control

50
Q

refers to a person’s perception of whether he has control over a given situation

A

locus of control

51
Q

a person’s tendency to believe that he or she controls his own rewards and fate

A

internal locus of control

52
Q

person’s tendency to believe that his rewards and fate are controlled by outside forces

A

external locus of control

53
Q

person’s assumption about the consequences of his or her own behavior

A

outcome expectancy

54
Q

describes a feeling of hopelessness and passivity caused by being unable to avoid or control traumatic events

A

learned helplessness

55
Q

theory that a person’s behavior is both influenced by and influences a person’s personal factors

A

reciprocal determinism

56
Q

describes a person’s expectations about his or her own ability to perform a certain task

A

self-efficiency

57
Q

a culture that emphasizes people’s interdependence

A

collectivist culture

58
Q

refers to a person’s view of himself as part of a larger network of family and community members

A

interdependent construal of self

59
Q

culture that emphasizes each person’s individual rights and freedoms and deemphasizes the social roles that people play in relation to others

A

individualist culture

60
Q

refers to a person’s view of himself or herself as a self-directed, self-contained entity

A

independent construal of self

61
Q

personality trait exhibiting the tendency to think and act in a collectivist manner

A

allocentrism

62
Q

personality trait exhibiting the tendency to think and act in an individualistic manner

A

ideocentrism

Psychology Final (9 decks)

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