Chapter 10 - Phys. Cog. & Lang. Development Flashcards
study the physical, cognitive, and social changes that people experience throughout their lives
developmental psychologists
track how individuals change as they age
age changes
consider how people of varying ages differ from one another
age differences
consist of research conducted in order to establish norms
normative investigations
amount of time that has passed since a person was born
chronological age
point at which someone falls among developmental stages
developmental age; not necessarily related to chronological age
collect data from different individuals at different ages in order to track age differences
cross-sectional data
collect data from the same individuals over a period of time to track age changes
longitudinal studies
immature eggs
ova
toxic substances that cross the placenta and may cause birth defects
teratogens
consists of physical and cognitive abnormalities in children resulting from a mother’s heavy drinking
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
emergent ability to execute physical actions
motor development
tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from top to bottom
cephalocaudal rule
tendency from motor skills to emerge in sequence from inside to outside
proximodistal rule
period of transition from childhood to adulthood
adolescence
period in which a person’s body goes through the changes that allow him or her to reproduce
puberty
sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction
secondary sex characteristics
sexual organs that are present at birth and are directly involved in human reproduction
primary sex characteristics
refers to a girl’s first menstruation
menarche
refers to a boy’s first ejaculation
spermarche
end of the menstrual cycles and ability to bear children
menopause
described gradual sexual changes in men as they age that include declines in sperm count, testosterone level, and speed of erection and ejaculation
andropause
consists of mental activities associated with sensation, perception, thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
cognition
described decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure to that stimulus
habituation
concepts or frameworks around which people organize and interpret information
schemas
process in which a person processes new experiences in terms of existing schemas
assimilation
process in which a person adjusts and refines his or her schemas based on new information
accommodation
refers to the difference between what a child can do alone versus what a child can do together with a more competent person
zone of proximal development
described a behavior in which a baby looks in an adult’s eyes, follow the adult’s gaze, and then directs his or her own gaze toward whatever the adult is looking at
joint visual attention
skill or organizing information and beliefs into a series of steps leading to a conclusion
reason
remembering to perform a specific action
prospective memory
groups of people raised during the same time period
cohorts
smallest meaningful units of language that represent the objects, events, ideas, characteristics, and relationships in that language’s vocabulary
morphemes
elementary vowel and consonant sounds that combine to form morphemes
phonemes
refers to how phonemes may be arranged to produce morphemes
phonology
refers to how morphemes may be arranges to form words
morphology
refers to how words may be arranged to produce phrases and sentences
syntax
described the relatively broad use of common nouns
overextended
described the relatively narrow use of common nouns
underextended
words that have meaning
content words
words that provide structure
grammatical words
theoretical mechanism that provides children with an inherent foundation for the principles of universal grammar
language acquisition device (LAD)
the social environment into which a baby is born
language-acquisition support system (LASS)
