Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Base substitution

A

Change of DNA base results in a changed codon

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2
Q

Base insertion or deletion

A

Addition or deletion of base, alters reading frame and may change many codons

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3
Q

Types of base substitution

A

Transitions and transversions

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4
Q

Transitions

A

Purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine

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5
Q

Transversions

A

Purine to pyrimidine or pyrimidine to purine

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6
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Alters all subsequent codons

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7
Q

In-frame insertion

A

Addition or deletion in multiple of 3, does not change reading frame

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8
Q

Forward mutation

A

Wild type to mutant type

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9
Q

Reverse mutation

A

Mutant type to wild type

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10
Q

Missense mutation

A

Alterred codon encodes a different amino acid

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11
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Premature stop codon

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12
Q

Silent mutation

A

Change in codon but codon still encodes the same amino acid as it originally would

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13
Q

Neutral Mutation

A

Alters amino acid, but not protein function

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14
Q

Conditional mutations

A

Altered phenotype only observed under specific conditions

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15
Q

Suppressor mutation

A

A mutation that hides or suppresses the effect of another

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16
Q

incorporation error

A

Mispaired base during replication

17
Q

Replicated Errors

A

Errors during replication that go onto become replicated themselves

18
Q

Causes of insertions or deletions

A

Strand slippage (looping out of certain bases); Unequal crossing over

19
Q

Depurination

A

Loss of a purine

20
Q

Deamination

A

Loss of an amino group

21
Q

Mutagen

A

An agent that increases the rate of mutation

22
Q

Base analogs

A

Similar to bases, but may result in different pairing

23
Q

Oxidative Reaction

A

Superoxide Radicals alter base structure

24
Q

Intercalating agents

A

Alter base structure

25
Q

Pyrimidine dimers

A

Joined thymines block replication

26
Q

SOS system

A

Bacteria; allows bacteria cells to bypass replication block caused by dimers

27
Q

Transposition

A

Mvmt of transposons

28
Q

Transposase

A

Cuts target DNA and catalyzed integration

29
Q

Methyltransferase

A

Methylation of guanine bases that have been damaged

30
Q

Translesion DNA polymerase

A

Bypasses replication blocks (like thymine dimers) but are prone to introduce error themselves