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BIOL-2301 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Negative supercoiling

A

DNA is understated

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2
Q

Positive supercoiling

A

DNA is overrotated

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3
Q

Supercoiling is achieved what enzyme

A

Topoisomerase

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4
Q

DNA is usually _____ supercoiled

A

Negatively

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5
Q

Eukaryotice chromosomes must be _____ for transcription but _____ for cell division

A

Accessible, condensed

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6
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Complex of DNA and associated proteins, mostly histones

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7
Q

Euchromatin

A

Decondensed during interphase

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8
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Chromatin that is always condensed

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9
Q

Constitutive Heterochromatin

A

In all cells (centromere and telomeres)

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10
Q

Facultative Heterochromatin

A

In specific cells or developmental stages

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11
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

Core of DNA-wrapped histones. Tails extend out. Strong positive charge.

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12
Q

What is a polytene chromosome?

A

Found in drosophila larvae.

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13
Q

Chromosome puffs

A

Regions of relaxed DNA actively transcribed in drosophila larvae

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14
Q

Centromeres

A

Constructed region of chromosome that kinetochores and spindle fibres attach to

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15
Q

Centromeres made up of _____ euchromatin

A

hetero

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16
Q

Telomeres

A

Protective caps for linear chromosome ends

17
Q

C value

A

Amount of DNA per cell

18
Q

Differences in chromosomes across species

A

C value
Gene density within chromosome
Base composition

19
Q

Unique Sequence DNA

A

Only a few copies per cell

Includes non-coding DNA of unknown function

20
Q

Gene family

A

Group of related genes

21
Q

Moderately repeated DNA

A

Thousands of times in genome

22
Q

Highly repeated DNA

A

Occurs millions of times in a genome; 10bp or less

23
Q

Which organelles contain DNA

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

24
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

Anaerobic eukaryote engulfed aerobic prokaryote, resulting in the prokaryote becoming mitochondria

25
Q

Uniparental Inheritance

A

Traits inherited form one parent (usually due to cytoplasmic inheritance)

26
Q

Why is mtDNA inherited from mother in animals, and not father?

A

Sperm are too small to carry DNA other than nuclear. Autophagy results in mitochondria being disallowed in the embryo.

27
Q

Heteroplasmic cells

A

Organelles segregate randomly

28
Q

Homoplasmic cells

A

A cell does not inherit a mixture of mutant and wild-type organelles; inherits only one type

BIOL-2301 (10 decks)

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