chapter 18

Question 1

the endocrine system

Answer 1

regulates long term processes such as growth development and reproduction

Question 2

nervous system releases
endocrine system releases

Answer 2

neurotransmitters; hormones

Question 3

hormones will circulate through the blood and bind to receptors on

Answer 3

target cells

Question 4

exocrine glands secrete products

Answer 4

into ducts
(sweat, oil, mucous and digestive glands)

Question 5

endocrine glands secrete

Answer 5

hormones directly into interstitial fluid (no ducts)

Question 6

endocrine glands include the

Answer 6

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands

Question 7

what other organs secrete hormones?

Answer 7

hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, skin, heart, placenta, adipose tissue, small intestine

Question 8

what are the 3 classes of hormones

Answer 8

amino acid derivatives
peptide hormones
lipid derivatives

Question 9

what causes down regulation of a receptor

Answer 9

high concentrations of hormone

Question 10

what causes up regulation of a receptor

Answer 10

low concentrations of hormone

Question 11

amino acid derivatives

Answer 11

small molecules structurally related to amino acids

Question 12

what are the tyrosine derivatives

Answer 12

thyroid hormones
catecholamines (NE,E)

Question 13

what are tryptophan derivatives

Answer 13

dopamine
seratonin
melatonin

Question 14

what are the two classifications of hormones

Answer 14

lipid soluble (steroid) and non lipid soluble (non steroid)

Question 15

peptide hormones are

Answer 15

chains of amino acids usually synthesized as prohormones

Question 16

prohormones are

Answer 16

inactive molecules converted to active hormones before or after secretion

Question 17

glycoproteins are

Answer 17

200+ amino acid chains with carb side chains
ie: TSH, LH, FSH

Question 18

g protein is a

Answer 18

enzyme complex that is coupled to a membrane receptor
links first and second messenger

Question 19

when the g protein is inactive

Answer 19

adenylate cyclase is activated and changes cAMP levels in the cell

Question 20

increased cAMP levels accelerate

Answer 20

metabolic activity within the cell

Question 21

can first and second messengers have direct effect on activities in the target cell

Answer 21

no they use an intracellular intermediary

Question 22

activated g proteins trigger

Answer 22

• opening of calcium ion channels
• release of calcium ions intracellularly
• enzyme activation (phospholipase)
• receptor cascade to activate calmoudin

Question 23

steroid and thyroid hormones and intracellular receptors can

Answer 23

alter DNA rate of transcription
affect metabolic activity and structure of target cekk

Question 24

endocrine reflex are functional counterparts of _______ and controlled by ______________________

Answer 24

neural reflexes, negative feedback mechanisms

Question 25

the trigger of endocrine reflexes produces

Answer 25

the production of a hormone and the effects of the hormone can reduce intensity of the stimulus

Question 26

what can endocrine reflexes be triggered by and what do they miantain

Answer 26

maintain hormone homeostasis triggered by humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli and neural stimuli

Question 27

local hormones

Answer 27

act locally without first entering the blood stream

Question 28

paracrines act on autocrines act on

Answer 28

neighboring cells the same cell that secreted it

Question 29

lipid soluble hormone examples

Answer 29

steroids, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide

Question 30

water soluble hormone examples

Answer 30

peptides, proteins, glycoproteins and eicosanoids (amines)

Question 31

Lipid soluble hormones binds to water soluble hormones circulate in

Answer 31

transport proteins plasma, in a free form

Question 32

Actions of a lipid soluble hormone L.S.H activate _________ in the cell and then alter ______________________ which create new __________ that create physiological responses

Answer 32

receptors, gene expression, proteins

Question 33

Actions of Water Soluble Hormones W.S.H alter cell functions by activating _________ ____________________, and bind to the ___ messenger. Then a ______ messenger is released where stimulus response takes place

Answer 33

plasma membrane receptors,1st, 2nd common example is cyclic AMP

Question 34

in cyclic AMP, the hormone will bind to the membrane receptor

Answer 34

then the receptor will activate a G protein, which then turns on Adenylate cyclase, which then converts ATP to cyclic AMP, which activates protein kinases, which phosphorylate enzymes

Question 35

responsiveness of a target cell depends on

Answer 35

hormone concentration, hormone receptors