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anatomy 2 > chapter 18 > Flashcards

chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine system

A

regulates long term processes such as growth development and reproduction

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2
Q

nervous system releases
endocrine system releases

A

neurotransmitters; hormones

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3
Q

hormones will circulate through the blood and bind to receptors on

A

target cells

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4
Q

exocrine glands secrete products

A

into ducts
(sweat, oil, mucous and digestive glands)

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5
Q

endocrine glands secrete

A

hormones directly into interstitial fluid (no ducts)

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6
Q

endocrine glands include the

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands

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7
Q

what other organs secrete hormones?

A

hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, skin, heart, placenta, adipose tissue, small intestine

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8
Q

what are the 3 classes of hormones

A

amino acid derivatives
peptide hormones
lipid derivatives

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9
Q

what causes down regulation of a receptor

A

high concentrations of hormone

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10
Q

what causes up regulation of a receptor

A

low concentrations of hormone

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11
Q

amino acid derivatives

A

small molecules structurally related to amino acids

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12
Q

what are the tyrosine derivatives

A

thyroid hormones
catecholamines (NE,E)

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13
Q

what are tryptophan derivatives

A

dopamine
seratonin
melatonin

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14
Q

what are the two classifications of hormones

A

lipid soluble (steroid) and non lipid soluble (non steroid)

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15
Q

peptide hormones are

A

chains of amino acids usually synthesized as prohormones

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16
Q

prohormones are

A

inactive molecules converted to active hormones before or after secretion

17
Q

glycoproteins are

A

200+ amino acid chains with carb side chains
ie: TSH, LH, FSH

18
Q

g protein is a

A

enzyme complex that is coupled to a membrane receptor
links first and second messenger

19
Q

when the g protein is inactive

A

adenylate cyclase is activated and changes cAMP levels in the cell

20
Q

increased cAMP levels accelerate

A

metabolic activity within the cell

21
Q

can first and second messengers have direct effect on activities in the target cell

A

no they use an intracellular intermediary

22
Q

activated g proteins trigger

A
  • opening of calcium ion channels
  • release of calcium ions intracellularly
  • enzyme activation (phospholipase)
  • receptor cascade to activate calmoudin
23
Q

steroid and thyroid hormones and intracellular receptors can

A

alter DNA rate of transcription
affect metabolic activity and structure of target cekk

24
Q

endocrine reflex are functional counterparts of _______ and controlled by ______________________

A

neural reflexes, negative feedback mechanisms

25
Q

the trigger of endocrine reflexes produces

A

the production of a hormone and the effects of the hormone can reduce intensity of the stimulus

26
Q

what can endocrine reflexes be triggered by and what do they miantain

A

maintain hormone homeostasis
triggered by humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli and neural stimuli

27
Q

local hormones

A

act locally without first entering the blood stream

28
Q

paracrines act on
autocrines act on

A

neighboring cells
the same cell that secreted it

29
Q

lipid soluble hormone examples

A

steroids, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide

30
Q

water soluble hormone examples

A

peptides, proteins, glycoproteins and eicosanoids (amines)

31
Q

Lipid soluble hormones binds to
water soluble hormones circulate in

A

transport proteins
plasma, in a free form

32
Q

Actions of a lipid soluble hormone
L.S.H activate _________ in the cell and then alter ______________________ which create new __________ that create physiological responses

A

receptors, gene expression, proteins

33
Q

Actions of Water Soluble Hormones
W.S.H alter cell functions by activating _________ ____________________, and bind to the ___ messenger. Then a ______ messenger is released where stimulus response takes place

A

plasma membrane receptors,1st, 2nd
common example is cyclic AMP

34
Q

in cyclic AMP, the hormone will bind to the membrane receptor

A

then the receptor will activate a G protein,
which then turns on Adenylate cyclase,
which then converts ATP to cyclic AMP,
which activates protein kinases,
which phosphorylate enzymes

35
Q

responsiveness of a target cell depends on

A

hormone concentration, hormone receptors

anatomy 2 (10 decks)

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