chapter 17

Question 1

what are the special senses?

Answer 1

olfaction
gustation
equilibrium
hearing
vision

Question 2

when you taste or smell what are you actually interpreting?

Answer 2

chemicals

Question 3

where are olfactory organs found

Answer 3

they provide smell and are found in the nasal cavity of both sides of the septum

Question 4

how many receptors in the nose?

Answer 4

10 to 100 million

Question 5

what is olfactory transduction?

Answer 5

binding of an odor molecule to an olfactory receptor protein

Question 6

for olfaction, the action potential travels to the

Answer 6

primary olfaction area, after the AP is depolarized by cyclic AMP

Question 7

gustation

Answer 7

taste; provides information about foods and liquids consumed

Question 8

gustatory epithelial cells/taste receptors

Answer 8

found in taste buds which are found on papillae & distributed on the tongue & in pharynx/larynx

Question 9

5 types of taste

Answer 9

sweet sour salty bitter umami

Question 10

4 types of papillae

Answer 10

filliform, fungiform, vallate and foliate

Question 11

taste buds are made of three types of epithelial cells

Answer 11

supporting cells, basal stem cells and gustatory receptor cells

Question 12

which cranial nerves are involved with taste?

Answer 12

1. facial nerve (VII) info from anterior of tongue
2. glossopharyngeal nerve (ix) info from posterior of tongue
3. vagus nerve (X) info from taste buds of epiglottis and throat

Question 13

how long do gustatory epithelial cells survive before replacement?

Answer 13

about 10 days

Question 14

salty and sour receptors are

Answer 14

chemically gated ion channels that stimulation produces cell depolarization

Question 15

sweet bitter and umami receptors are

Answer 15

g coupled proteins

Question 16

vision

Answer 16

enables us to use visible light (400 to 700 nm) to detect visual images

Question 17

wavelength

Answer 17

distance between two consecutive peaks of an electromagnetic wave

Question 18

what are accessory structures of the eye

Answer 18

eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles

Question 19

palpaebrae

Answer 19

aka eyelids, keep the eyes lubricated and remove dust and debris from the eye

Question 20

palpebral muscles

Answer 20

control eyelid movement

Question 21

what separates the upper and lower eyelids?

Answer 21

palpebral fissure

Question 22

tarsal glands

Answer 22

small sebaceous glands that are lipid rich and keep the eye from sticking together

Question 23

tarsal plate

Answer 23

fold of CT that gives the eyelids form and house the tarsal glands

Question 24

conjuctiva

Answer 24

thin, protective mucous that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera

Question 25

conjunctivitis

Answer 25

inflammation of the conjunctiva due to dilation of blood vessels in conjunctival epithelium

Question 26

lacrimal apparatus

Answer 26

produces distributes and drains tears

Question 27

pathway of tears

Answer 27

lacrimal glands lacrimal ducts lacrimal puncta lacrimal canaliculi lacrimal sac nasolacrimal ducts

Question 28

each lacrimal gland produce about

Answer 28

one mL of tears per day

Question 29

eye wall layers

Answer 29

1. outer fibrous layer 2. intermediate vascular layer 3. deep inner layer (house photoreceptors)

Question 30

anterior chamber of the eye houses

Answer 30

aqueous humor between cornea and iris

Question 31

posterior chamber of the eye houses

Answer 31

aqueous humor between iris and lens

Question 32

the large posterior cavity of the eye is filled with

Answer 32

a gel like susbtance called the vitreous humor

Question 33

fibrous layer

Answer 33

- outermost layer of the eye contains sclera, cornea and corneal limbus - supports and protect the eye - attachment sight for extrinsic eye muscles - focus structures

Question 34

corneal limbus

Answer 34

border between cornea and sclera

Question 35

vascular layer is made up of the ... and its functions are

Answer 35

iris, ciliary body, choroid - route for blood vessels and lymphatic supply to eye tissue - regulates light that enters the eye - secretes and reabsorbs aqueous humor - controls lens shape

Question 36

iris

Answer 36

pigmented, flat ring structure contains papillary muscles that change the diameter of the pupil

Question 37

ciliary body

Answer 37

thickened region where the iris attaches extends to the ora serrata contains ciliary processes and ciliary muscle that attach the lens to the ciliary process

Question 38

ora serrata

Answer 38

serrated anterior edge of the neural layer of the retina

Question 39

choroid

Answer 39

vascular layer that separates fibrous and inner layers posterior to ora serrata deliver oxygen and nutrients to retina

Question 40

inner layer

Answer 40

made of the pigmented layer and neural layer

Question 41

pigmented layer

Answer 41

contain pigment cells that support the function of photoreceptors in the neural layer

Question 42

what kind of signal or chemical stimulates vision?

Answer 42

photons in 400 to 700 nm

Question 43

where are photoreceptors found in the eye?

Answer 43

in the retina/neural layer

Question 44

what are two types of photoreceptors?

Answer 44

cones and rods

Question 45

what are the major functions of the eye?

Question 46

what are the accessory structures of the eye and its functions?

Question 47

rods

Answer 47

high sensitivity to light, help us to see in dim light room

Question 48

cones

Answer 48

give us color vision, require more intense light found in fovea at the center of macula

Question 49

rod and cone information pathway

Answer 49

outer synaptic layer- bipolar cells - inner synaptic layer - ganglion cells - optic nerve

Question 50

light pathway

Answer 50

cornea- anterior chamber- pupil- posterior chamber- lens- vitreous humor- retina

Question 51

light refraction

Answer 51

occurs at the junction when light passes through a transparent substance that has one density, into another transparent substance with another density

Question 52

where are images projected onto?

Answer 52

central fovea, where vision is the sharpest

Question 53

astigmatism

Answer 53

the cornea/lens has an irregular curve causing distorted vision

Question 54

myopia

Answer 54

nearsightedness, need a concave lens image converges in front of retina (small eyeball)

Question 55

hyperopia

Answer 55

farsightedness, need a convex lens image converges behind retina (long eyeball)

Question 56

rods and cones convert photoreceptors into

Answer 56

neural impulses

Question 57

photopigments necessary for absorption of light initiate

Answer 57

production of a receptor potential

Question 58

In the dark rods release what NT

Answer 58

Glutamate (inhibitory)