chapter 16 pt.2

Question 1

variscosities usually release

Answer 1

norepinephrine

Question 2

what breaksdown NE?

Answer 2

MAO (monoamine oxidase) or COMT (catechol O methyltransferase)

Question 3

what causes sympathetic stimulation

Answer 3

the interactions of NE and E with adrenergic membrane receptors

Question 4

what NT stimulates which receptor?

Answer 4

NE stimulates more alpha receptors and E stimulates both alpha and beta receptors
both receptors are G protein coupled

Question 5

stimulation of a G protein is dependent on

Answer 5

production of second messengers and intracellular intermediaries

Question 6

beta receptors

Answer 6

trigger metabolic change in target cells
stimulate cAMP levels
affect skeletal muscle, lungs, heart & liver organs

Question 7

alpha 1 receptor

Answer 7

release intracellular calcium from ER
excitatory effects

Question 8

alpha 2 receptor

Answer 8

lowers cAMP levels in cytoplasm
inhibitory effects on the cell
coordinates sympathetic and parasympathetic activities

Question 9

beta 1 receptor

Answer 9

increases metabolic activity

Question 10

beta 2 receptor

Answer 10

triggers smooth muscle relaxation along respiratory tract

Question 11

beta 3 receptor

Answer 11

leads to lipolysis (breakdown of triglycerides in adipocytes)

Question 12

cholinergic sympathetic terminals innervate

Answer 12

sweat glands of skin, blood vessels, muscles and brain
stimulate sweat gland secretion and dilate blood vessels

Question 13

nitroxidergic synapses release ______
and produce

Answer 13

nitric oxide as a NT
vasodilation and increased blood flow

Question 14

where do nitroxidergic synapses occur

Answer 14

where neurons innervate smooth muscles (walls of blood vessels, skeletal muscles, brain)

Question 15

neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions all release

Answer 15

ACH, with short lived effects that is inactivated by AChE at the synapse
ACh can also be inactivated by cholinesterase in surround tissues

Question 16

two types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 16

muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

Question 17

nicotinic receptors

Answer 17

• found in sympathetic and parasympathetic
• are on surfaces of ganglion cells and Ach cause excitation of the cell

Question 18

muscarinic receptors

Answer 18

found at cholinergic neuromuscular/glandular junctions in the parasympathetic
produce long lasting effects due to G protein activation
may be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on activation or inactivation of enzymes

Question 19

______ binds to nicotine receptors and targets _______

Answer 19

nicotine
autonomic ganglia and skeletal neuromuscular junctions
50 mg absorbed through skin can cause coma or death
(high BP, diarrhea, vomiting)

Question 20

________ binds to muscarinic receptors and targets _________

Answer 20

muscarine
parasympathetic neuromuscular/glandular junctions
(low BP, bradycardia, nausea)

Question 21

what is the most inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Answer 21

GABA

Question 22

sympathetic division impact is

Answer 22

widespread and reaches organs and tissues throughout the body

Question 23

the parasympathetic division innervates

Answer 23

only specific visceral structures

Question 24

for dual innervation, parasympathetic postganglionic fibers accompany

Answer 24

cranial nerves to peripheral destinations

Question 25

for dual innervation, sympathetic innervations will travel

Answer 25

directly from the superior cervical ganglia of the sympathetic chain