Chapter 18 Flashcards
-a normal process of getting older, which includes
physical, mental, and social changes, and a point past
which there is a decline in function
-? begins at birth and continues until death
-? refers to the cognitive, emotional, and
behavioral changes that occur over time
-? refers to changes in a person’s relationships
Successful aging requires ?
- aging
- biological aging
- psychological aging
- social aging
- preparation
-Result from ? and abuse of our bodies and minds
-Even with the healthiest behavior and environment,
biological aging ? occurs
-Gradual aging and impairment from ? cause
physiological changes throughout the body
-In healthy people, functioning remains essentially
constant until after age ?
- neglect
- inevitably
- disease
- 70
-Older adults who stay ? active have a lower risk of
cognitive impairment
-Some effects of mental exercise may help delay the onset of
symptoms caused by ?
- mentally
- dementia
-Exercise significantly enhances both ? and
? health
-Physically active people have a significantly lower risk of dying
?
-? minutes of physical activity per week is often sufficient
-Stimulus that exercise provides also protects against the loss
of ?: the ability to find solutions to new
problems
- psychological, physical
- prematurely
- 150
- fluid intelligence
Economics of retirement
•? planning should begin early in life
•Especially critical for ?
- financial
- women
- is a common physical change and can affect a
person’s ability to interact and lead to a sense of isolation
•Some lose their ? slowly as they age, a condition called
? - increase in pressure in the eye
- deterioration of
the central area of the retina - clouding of the lenses
- loss of hearing
- hearing, presbycusis
- glaucoma
- age-related macular degeneration
- cataracts
- inflammation and swelling of a joint or joints
-is the most common form
-Enjoyment of sex can continue well into ? - loss of bone density
Makes the body more prone to fractures, especially at the hip,
spine, or wrist
- arthritis
- osteoarthritis
- old age
- osteoporosis
Many diseases lead to ?
•Some patients fulfill criteria for a diagnosis of ?, defined as objective cognitive impairment with
preserved function of ?
•Many ultimately develop ? : a general term for a loss
of function that interferes with daily life and independence
-Most older people with significant cognitive
impairment have several ? pathologies
simultaneously, which may all contribute to impairment
- progressive cognitive impairment
- mild cognitive impairment, daily life
- dementia
- brain
-a progressive brain disorder that
damages and eventually destroys brain cells
•Most common disease leading to dementia
•Ultimately fatal
-changes that occur due to cerebrovascular disease, when
brain cells die due to inadequate blood flow
-a form of dementia that partly
resembles AD but may also cause unpredictable levels of
cognitive ability, attention, or alertness
- Alzheimer’s disease
- vascular dementia, vascular cognitive impairment
- Lewy-body dementia
-can have serious physical and psychological
or emotional health consequences and may require
professional help
-People over ? have the second highest suicide rate of any
age group
- unresolved grief
- 85
-is the average length of time a person is expected to live -? for women than for men As life expectancy increases, a larger proportion of people will reach their ? years
- life expectancy
- longer
- aging
-People age 65 and over are a large ? in the U.S.
-Health care remains the largest ?
-Majority live with fixed sources of income that are eroded
by ?
-a government program that provides
financial assistance to people who are unemployed,
disabled, or retired (and over a certain age)—was the
major source of income for 84% of elderly people in a
2014 survey
- minority
- expense, inflation
- social security
Families should talk honestly about the ?,
time, and ? required for caregiving
-obligations, commitment
Several programs are in place to help older Americans
•Food assistance, housing ?, Social Security
•Medicare and ?
-is a major health insurance program for older
adults and people with disabilities
•Does not pay for many office visits, dental care, or dentures;
and pays less than ? of nursing home costs
When financial resources are ?, people may
apply for Medicaid
- subsides, medicaid
- medicare, 2%
- exhausted
-is the biological process of aging
-Traditionally, the heart stops beating and breathing
ceases, referred to as ?
-? have affected clinical definitions
- senescence
- clinical death
- life support systems
- is the complete and irreversible loss of
function of the entire brain
•Timing is critical for organ transplantation - is a gradual process that follows
shutdown heart, brain, and respiration and includes
breakdown of metabolic processes
- brain death
- cellular death
Child’s understanding of death evolves greatly from
about age ? to age ?
-? recognition that death
is universal and irreversible, involves the cessation of all
physiological functioning, and has biological reasons
-Nonempirical ideas about death include ? that we survive in some form after death
- age 6 to age 9
- mature understanding of death
- noncorporeal continuity
In the United States we tend to ?
-death deny
-a legal instrument expressing a person’s intentions and
wishes for the disposition of his or her property after death
-money, property, and other possessions
-the person making the will
•When a person dies ?—without having left a valid will
—property is distributed according to rules of the state
-a document that includes information
about your personal affairs (bank statements, credit cards,
documents, etc.)
- will
- estate
- testator
- intestate
- testamentary
-a legal document that states your
preferences about medical treatment
-allows individuals to provide instructions about the
kind of medical care they wish to receive or not receive if they
become unable to participate in decisions
-? or durable power of attorney for health
care: allows an individual to appoint another person as an
agent in making health care decisions
- advance directive
- living will
- health care proxy
Each day about ? people receive an organ transplant
•Another ? people on the waiting list die because not enough
organs are available
•You can express your wishes with a ? or as
an indication on a driver’s license; and by discussing your
decision with your family
- 80
- 20
- Uniform Donor Card
? programs offer a special kind of compassionate
care for those in the final phase of terminal illness
•Likely to die in ? months or less
•Hospice is a system of ? a collaborative,
team-based approach to treatment that aims to prevent and
relieve suffering in those with serious or life-threatening
illness
- hospice
- six
- palliative care
-profound unconsciousness, with
no sign of normal reflexes and response to external stimuli
-Right of a competent patient to ? treatment is
now generally established
•Having a clear advance directive is extremely helpful
- persistent vegetative state
- refuse unwanted
-a physician provides a
prescription for a lethal dose of medication at the patient’s
request
•Concept of ?: a harmful effect of treatment, even if it results
in death, is permissible if not intended and occurs as a side effect of a
beneficial action
- intentional act of killing someone who
would otherwise suffer
- at the patient’s request; unlawful in the U.S. and
the rest of the world
- is used as a last resort
- physician-assisted death
- double effect
- active euthanasia
- palliative sedation
Disposition of the body •Burial •? for a viewing or wake •Cremation Arranging a service •? •Funeral ceremony
- embalming
- memorial service
-a balance of honesty and hope Tasks of coping •Kübler-Ross, five psychological stages: ?, anger, ?, depression, acceptance •Notion of stages is now deemphasized •Four primary dimensions in coping with dying (Corr) •Physical •? •Social •?
- middle knowledge
- denial, bargaining
- psychological, spiritual
- the reaction to loss
- the objective event of loss
- the process of adjustment
- grief
- bereavement
- mourning
-refers to grief that is unusually
intense, prolonged, and debilitating
-complicated grief
-Key to supporting a grieving person is being a good
listener and refrain from making ?
-If someone talks about suicide or seems in danger of harm,
seek ? help right away
-When a young adult loses a friend, the leading causes
of death tend to be ? and unexpected
•Support is crucial
-In helping children cope with loss, honesty and
? are key
- judgement
- professional
- sudden
- inclusion
