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Physical Well-Being > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Leading cause of death in the United States
Affects more than ? million Americans
Claims more than ? American lives every day
Results from our way of life

A

CVD
92
2,200

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2
Q

Consists of the heart and blood vessels-both arteries and veins
Transport ? through the body

A 
Cardiovascular system (CVS)
Blood
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3
Q

Refers to the development of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels
Heart disease, heart attack, stroke, angina, blood vessel diseases, arrhythmias, congenital heart defects, and other conditions

A

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

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4
Q

When lungs are included, the system is known as the ? or ?

A

Cardiorespiratory system

Cardiopulmonary system

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5
Q

?-chambered muscle, fist-sized muscle

Pumps ? blood to the lungs and ? blood to the rest of the body

A

Heart - four
Deoxygenated
Oxygenated

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6
Q

Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary circulation

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7
Q

Left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of the body
Left ventricle

A

Systemic circulation

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8
Q

Force exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels

A

Blood pressure

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9
Q 
Major Forms of Cardivascular Disease
Atherosclerosis
Coronary ? disease and ? attack
Stroke
Peripheral ? disease
? heart failure 
? heart defects
? heart disease
Heart ? disorders
A 
Artery, heart
Arterial
Congestive
Congenital
Rheumatic
Valve
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10
Q

Form of arteriosclerosis, or thickening and hardening of arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

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11
Q

Accumulate in artery walls
Effects of atherosclerosis
CHD or CAD

A

Plaques

Coronary heart disease or Coronary Artery disease

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12
Q

Main risk factors of atherosclerosis

? Use, ? activity, high blood ? levels, high blood ?, and ?

A 
Tobacco
Physical
Cholesterol
Pressure
Diabetes
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13
Q 
Myocardial infarction (MI), is usually the result of a chronic disease process
Damage to the ? from lack of oxygenated blood
About ? of ? vitctims do not suffer chest pain
A

Heart attack
Heart tissue
1\3, heart attack

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14
Q 
? pain or pressure
•Arm, neck, or ? pain
•Difficulty ?
•Excessive ?
•Nausea and vomiting
•Loss of ?
A 
Chest
Jaw
Breathing 
Sweating
Consciuosness
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15
Q

Arteries are narrowed by disease
Stressed heart cannot receive enough oxygen
? Chest pain-may be controlled in a number if ways

A

Angina

Angina pectoris

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16
Q

Problem with rate or rhythm of heartbeat

Sudden,unexpected death caused by loss of heart function

A

Arrhythmias

Sudden cardiac death

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17
Q

Most deaths from a heart attack happen within ? of intial symptoms
? has an immediate anticlotting effect
If no pulse found, ?

A

2 hours
Aspirin
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

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18
Q

Detecting and treating heart disease
Most common initial tool is the ? test with an ?
If tests indicate coronary artery disease ?
If a problem is found, it is commonly treated with a metal stent or ?
Other treatments range from ? to ?

A

Exercise stress, Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Coronary angiogram
Balloon angioplasty
Medication, major surgery

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19
Q

Treatments for heart disease
Low-dose ?
Prescription drugs
Coronary ?

A

Aspirin therapy

bypass surgery

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20
Q

In a ?, if cerebrovascular accident (CVA), blood supply to the brain is cut off, and brain tissue subsequently dies
Impeded blood supply to the brain caused by a clot obstructing a blood vessel
Thrombotic stroke caused by a ?
Embolic stroke caused by an ?

A

Stroke
Ischemic stroke
Thrombus
Embolus

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21
Q

blood vessel ruptures in the brain
? stroke within the brain
? stroke on the brain’s surface
a sac or outpouching formed by a distension or dilation of the artery wall

A

Hemorrhagic stroke
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Aneurysm

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22
Q

Effects of a stroke

Interruption of the ? to any area of the brain ? the nerve cells from functioning, in some cases causing death

A

blood supply, prevents

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23
Q 
Effects of surviving stroke have a lasting disability
Paralysis
Walking ?
Speech Impairment
? loss
Changes in ?
A

disability
memory
behavior

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24
Q

Recognizing a stroke:
•Ask the person to ?; ?is a sign of a possible stroke
•Ask the person to hold his/her ? out; if only ? or only one can be held still, there is a stroke possibility
•? may be a sign that a stroke has occurred
•?, numbness, or tingling in limbs can indicate stroke
•FAST: facial ?, ? weakness, ? difficulty, and ? 9-1-1

A 
smile, unevenness
limbs, one can be moved
trouble speaking
decreased sensation
drooping, arm, speech, time to call
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25
Q

Detecting strokes:
mini-stroke with temporary stroke-like symptoms
MRIs, and ultrasound are used for diagnosis

A 
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Computed tomography (CT)
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26
Q

Treatment for Strokes:
Various ?
Rehabilitation:

A

drug therapies

physical therapy, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy

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27
Q

refers to atherosclerosis in the arteries of the limbs, which can limit or block blood flow

A

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

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28
Q

aching or fatigue in limb

occurs even when not physically active

A

Claudication

Rest pain

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29
Q

results from damage to the heart’s pumping mechanism
cannot maintain regular pumping; fluid backs up
fluid accumulates in the lungs

A

Congestive heart failure

Pulmonary edema

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30
Q

Controlled by:
Reducing ? on the heart
Modifying salt ?
? excess fluid

A

workload
intake
Eliminating

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31
Q

malformations of the heart of major blood vessels

may be identified by a murmur

A

Congenital heart defects

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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32
Q

Streptococcal infection leading to ?, which causes damage to the heart ? and ?

A

rheumatic fever

muscle, valves

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33
Q

Heart valve disorders:
Abnormalities in valves between ?
MVP

A

chambers of the heart

mitral valve prolapse

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34
Q 
Risk factors that can be changed:
? use
High blood ? (silent killer)
High ?
Physical inactivity
Obesity
Diabetes
A

tobacco
pressure
cholesterol

35
Q 
Risk factors that can't be changed:
Genetics
?
Gender
Race and ?
A

Age

Ethnicity

36
Q

Also known as hypertension
Too much pressure against?
Normal blood pressure?
Primary (essential) hypertension:?

A

High blood pressure
Arterial walls
below 120 systolic/80 diastolic
underlying cause unknown (probably due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors

37
Q

caused by an identifiable underlying illness

A

Secondary hypertension

38
Q

Low blood pressure, or ?, is generally desirable; but it can get too low
not a risk factor for CVD

A

Hypotension

39
Q

Under newly updated blood pressure guidelines, ?% of adults have hypertension, highest in ?

A

46%

African-Americans

40
Q

Treatments of hypertension

A

lifestyle changes
DASH diet
Sodium restriction

41
Q

Excessive cholesterol ? the ateries

cholesterol is carried in the blood in protein-and-lipid packages

A

clogs

Lipoproteins

42
Q

bad cholesterol
shuttle cholesterol from ? to organs and tissues
can accumulate on artery walls and be oxidized by ?

A

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
liver
free radicals

43
Q

good cholesterol
shuttle unused cholesterol back to liver for ?
By removing cholesterol from blood vessels, help protect against ?

A

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
recycling
atherosclerosis

44
Q

Guidelines for treatment of blood cholesterol are based on an individual’s risk of developing CVD in the next ? years
•Offers ? modifications
•Suggests ? therapy at different intensity doses

A

10
lifestyle
statin

45
Q

People may cut their heart attack risk by about ? for every ? they reduce their total blood cholesterol levels

A

2%

1%

46
Q

An estimated ? to ? million Americans are so sedentary that they are at high risk for developing ?

A

40
60
CVD

47
Q

Is an abnormal and uncontrollable multiplication of cells or tissue that can lead to death if untreated

A

Cancer

48
Q

A mass of tissue that serves no purpose

A

Tumor

49
Q

A mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration into other tissues

A

Benign tumor

50
Q

Can invade surrounding tissues

A

Malignant tumor

51
Q

Cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to ? and ? when it should not

A

grow and divide

52
Q

May be diagnosed by an X-ray or ? - the removal of tissue for microscopic examination

A

biopsy

53
Q

The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
Cancer cells move away from the ? tumor

A

Metastasis

Primary

54
Q

Traveling and seeding process of cancerous cells
Cells break away from the primary tumor and invade surrounding tissues or travel through the blood and ?
New tumors are called ? tumors or metastases

A

Metastasizing

Lymphatic system

55
Q

Significant number of cancer cases go into ?, a period in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease
In some cases lasts for ?
Typically results from ?

A

Remission
Years
Treatment

56
Q

More than ? million Americans are diagnosed yearly

American Cancer Society estimates that the ? for all cancers diagnosed between 2007 and 2013 is ?

A

1.6

Five year survival rate, 69%

57
Q

Certain genes may ? some people to cancer
Specific genetic mutations have been associated with ?
Mutations may be ? or caused by environmental agents

A

predispose
cancer
inherited

58
Q

Most prominent example of an inherited genetic mutation associated with the ? gene
Women who inherited an altered copy face a significantly increased risk of ? and ? cancer

A

BRCA

breast, ovarian

59
Q

Smoking is responsible for about ? of all cancer deaths
In men, ? of lung cancer deaths
In women, ?

A

1/3
83%
76%

60
Q

? use is a direct cause of several times of cancer
Types of cancer
Cancers of the larynx, mouth, pharynx, ?, ?, pancreas, kidneys, ?, and ?

A

Tobacco
Lung and bronchial
Esophagus, stomach, bladder, cervix

61
Q 
Exercise reduces risk by:
Helping to decrease ? and resting ?
•Increasing ?
•Maintaining desirable ?
•Improving the ? of blood vessels
•Preventing or controlling ?
A 
blood pressure, heart rate
HDLs
weight
condition
diabetes
62
Q
  • Risk of death from CVD is two to three times more likely at a body mass index (BMI)≥ 30
  • Strongly associated with:
  • ?
  • Physical inactivity
  • Increasing age
A

Obesity

Hypertension

63
Q

With excess weight, there is more blood to pump and the heart has to work harder, a situation that can lead to ventricular ?

A

hypertrophy

64
Q 
Diabetes
Doubles the risk of CVD for ? and ? the risk for women
Hypertension
•Obesity
•Unhealthy ? levels
A

men, triples

blood lipid

65
Q

Elevated blood ? and ? can damage the endothelial cells lining the arteries
•More vulnerable to ?
People with ? are also at increased risk

A

blood, insulin
atherosclerosis
prediabetes

66
Q

High ? levels are a reliable predictor of heart disease
Individuals with insulin ? tend to have several other related risk factors
•Cluster of abnormalities known as ? syndrome, significantly increase risk of CVD
CVD
? plays a key role in the development of CVD

A

triglyceride
resistance
metabolic
inflammation

67
Q 
Psychological and social factors:
•Stress
•Chronic ? and anger
•Suppressing ? distress
•Depression
•Anxiety
•Social ?
•Low ?
Alcohol and drugs can cause serious ? problems
A 
hostility
psychological
isolation
socioeconomic status
cardiac
68
Q
  • ?: CVD has a genetic component associated with high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity
  • Age: about ?% of heart attack victims are 65 and older
  • Gender: ? have higher risk earlier in life
  • Race and ethnicity: ? Americans have a higher risk of hypertension, heart disease, and stroke
A

genetics
70%
men
African

69
Q

?, an amino acid circulating in the blood at elevated levels

  • Infectious agents
  • Levels of ?(a), or Lp(a)
  • LDL particle size
  • Blood levels of ?
  • Blood levels of ? acid
A

Homocysteine
lipoprotein
iron
uric

70
Q 
Eat heart-healthy
•Decrease ? and trans fat intake
•Eat a high-fiber diet
•Reduce ? intake and increase ? intake
•Avoid excessive alcohol consumption
•Eat foods rich in ? fatty acids
A

saturated
sodium, potassium
omega-3

71
Q 
Additional dietary options:
•Plant ? and sterols
•? acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12
•Calcium
•Vitamin ?
•? protein
•Healthy carbohydrates
•Reduced daily caloric intake
DASH: ?
A 
stanols
folic
D
soy
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
72
Q

Foods contain both potentially ? compounds and potentially ? ones
Limit dietary ? and meat
•May contribute to certain cancers, including ?, stomach, and prostate
•Alcohol and tobacco interact as risk factors for ? cancer
-Avoid foods cooked at ? temperatures

A 
dangerous, protective
fat
colon
oral
high
73
Q

Some essential nutrients help reduce the effects of carcinogens by acting as antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the ?
? which are substances in plants that help protect against chronic diseases

A

carotenoids

phytochemicals

74
Q

Some environmental carcinogens are natural, like ? rays;

Microbes, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, account for ? to ?% of the world’s cancers

A

UV

15 to 20%

75
Q

Types of human papillomavirus: ? cancer, cervical cancer, and other cancers
•?—stomach cancer
•Hepatitis B and C—as many as 80% of all ? cancers

A

oropharyngeal
Helicobacter pylori
liver

76
Q 
Ingested chemicals
•Nitrosamines: ? and ? combined with dietary substances; highly potent carcinogens
Environmental and industrial ?
•Occupational exposure
Radiation 
•Medical scans
•?
A

nitrates, nitrites
pollution
sunlight

77
Q 
Detecting cancer
•Self-monitoring and ?cancer checkups
*Diagnosing cancer
•?
•Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); computed ?(CT); ultrasonography
*Treating cancer
•Surgery
•?: use of medications to kill cancer cells
*Radiation
A

Routine
Biopsy, tomography
Chemotherapy

78
Q

?—the most common—arise from the epithelial tissue that covers body surfaces (linings, tubes, cavities, and secretion glands)
•? arise in connective and fibrous tissues (bone, muscle, cartilage and membranes covering muscle or fat)
•?: cancers of the lymph nodes
•?: cancers of the blood-forming cells, chiefly in bone marrow

A

Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Lymphomas
Leukemias

79
Q

?: a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer

•?: a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders, including cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma

A

Oncologist

Hematologist

80
Q

Most common cause of cancer death
About ? deaths per year in U.S.
Risk factors: smoking contributes to ? of lung cancer deaths
Five year survival rate for all stages is only ?

A

Lung cancer
160,000
90%
17%

81
Q

Colon and rectal cancer
Vast majority of cases diagnosed after ? years of age
Small growths on the wall of the colon
Five year survival rate with early detection is ?

A

45
Polyps
90%

82
Q 
Most common cancer in women 
Early detection is key
Mammogram, followed up by a ? if necessary
Treatment and prevention:
Surgery, from ? to masctomy
Monoclonal ?
Selective estrogen receptor ? (SERMS)
Five year survival rates: ? if detected before it has spread;? for all stages
A 
Breast cancer 
Ultrasonography
Lumpectomy
Antibodies
Modulators
99%, 89%
83
Q 
Most common cancer in Men
Early detection is key
PSA test
Digital ? examination
Treatment
Varies based on stage and ? of patient
Five year survival rate is now nearly ?
A 
Prostate cancer
Prostate-specific antigen
rectal 
Age
100%

Physical Well-Being (9 decks)

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