Chapter 13 Flashcards
Leading cause of death in the United States
Affects more than ? million Americans
Claims more than ? American lives every day
Results from our way of life
CVD
92
2,200
Consists of the heart and blood vessels-both arteries and veins
Transport ? through the body
Cardiovascular system (CVS) Blood
Refers to the development of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels
Heart disease, heart attack, stroke, angina, blood vessel diseases, arrhythmias, congenital heart defects, and other conditions
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
When lungs are included, the system is known as the ? or ?
Cardiorespiratory system
Cardiopulmonary system
?-chambered muscle, fist-sized muscle
Pumps ? blood to the lungs and ? blood to the rest of the body
Heart - four
Deoxygenated
Oxygenated
Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
Pulmonary circulation
Left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of the body
Left ventricle
Systemic circulation
Force exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels
Blood pressure
Major Forms of Cardivascular Disease Atherosclerosis Coronary ? disease and ? attack Stroke Peripheral ? disease ? heart failure ? heart defects ? heart disease Heart ? disorders
Artery, heart Arterial Congestive Congenital Rheumatic Valve
Form of arteriosclerosis, or thickening and hardening of arteries
Atherosclerosis
Accumulate in artery walls
Effects of atherosclerosis
CHD or CAD
Plaques
Coronary heart disease or Coronary Artery disease
Main risk factors of atherosclerosis
? Use, ? activity, high blood ? levels, high blood ?, and ?
Tobacco Physical Cholesterol Pressure Diabetes
Myocardial infarction (MI), is usually the result of a chronic disease process Damage to the ? from lack of oxygenated blood About ? of ? vitctims do not suffer chest pain
Heart attack
Heart tissue
1\3, heart attack
? pain or pressure •Arm, neck, or ? pain •Difficulty ? •Excessive ? •Nausea and vomiting •Loss of ?
Chest Jaw Breathing Sweating Consciuosness
Arteries are narrowed by disease
Stressed heart cannot receive enough oxygen
? Chest pain-may be controlled in a number if ways
Angina
Angina pectoris
Problem with rate or rhythm of heartbeat
Sudden,unexpected death caused by loss of heart function
Arrhythmias
Sudden cardiac death
Most deaths from a heart attack happen within ? of intial symptoms
? has an immediate anticlotting effect
If no pulse found, ?
2 hours
Aspirin
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Detecting and treating heart disease
Most common initial tool is the ? test with an ?
If tests indicate coronary artery disease ?
If a problem is found, it is commonly treated with a metal stent or ?
Other treatments range from ? to ?
Exercise stress, Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Coronary angiogram
Balloon angioplasty
Medication, major surgery
Treatments for heart disease
Low-dose ?
Prescription drugs
Coronary ?
Aspirin therapy
bypass surgery
In a ?, if cerebrovascular accident (CVA), blood supply to the brain is cut off, and brain tissue subsequently dies
Impeded blood supply to the brain caused by a clot obstructing a blood vessel
Thrombotic stroke caused by a ?
Embolic stroke caused by an ?
Stroke
Ischemic stroke
Thrombus
Embolus
blood vessel ruptures in the brain
? stroke within the brain
? stroke on the brain’s surface
a sac or outpouching formed by a distension or dilation of the artery wall
Hemorrhagic stroke
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Aneurysm
Effects of a stroke
Interruption of the ? to any area of the brain ? the nerve cells from functioning, in some cases causing death
blood supply, prevents
Effects of surviving stroke have a lasting disability Paralysis Walking ? Speech Impairment ? loss Changes in ?
disability
memory
behavior
Recognizing a stroke:
•Ask the person to ?; ?is a sign of a possible stroke
•Ask the person to hold his/her ? out; if only ? or only one can be held still, there is a stroke possibility
•? may be a sign that a stroke has occurred
•?, numbness, or tingling in limbs can indicate stroke
•FAST: facial ?, ? weakness, ? difficulty, and ? 9-1-1
smile, unevenness limbs, one can be moved trouble speaking decreased sensation drooping, arm, speech, time to call
Detecting strokes:
mini-stroke with temporary stroke-like symptoms
MRIs, and ultrasound are used for diagnosis
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Computed tomography (CT)
Treatment for Strokes:
Various ?
Rehabilitation:
drug therapies
physical therapy, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy
refers to atherosclerosis in the arteries of the limbs, which can limit or block blood flow
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
aching or fatigue in limb
occurs even when not physically active
Claudication
Rest pain
results from damage to the heart’s pumping mechanism
cannot maintain regular pumping; fluid backs up
fluid accumulates in the lungs
Congestive heart failure
Pulmonary edema
Controlled by:
Reducing ? on the heart
Modifying salt ?
? excess fluid
workload
intake
Eliminating
malformations of the heart of major blood vessels
may be identified by a murmur
Congenital heart defects
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Streptococcal infection leading to ?, which causes damage to the heart ? and ?
rheumatic fever
muscle, valves
Heart valve disorders:
Abnormalities in valves between ?
MVP
chambers of the heart
mitral valve prolapse
Risk factors that can be changed: ? use High blood ? (silent killer) High ? Physical inactivity Obesity Diabetes
tobacco
pressure
cholesterol
Risk factors that can't be changed: Genetics ? Gender Race and ?
Age
Ethnicity
Also known as hypertension
Too much pressure against?
Normal blood pressure?
Primary (essential) hypertension:?
High blood pressure
Arterial walls
below 120 systolic/80 diastolic
underlying cause unknown (probably due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors
caused by an identifiable underlying illness
Secondary hypertension
Low blood pressure, or ?, is generally desirable; but it can get too low
not a risk factor for CVD
Hypotension
Under newly updated blood pressure guidelines, ?% of adults have hypertension, highest in ?
46%
African-Americans
Treatments of hypertension
lifestyle changes
DASH diet
Sodium restriction
Excessive cholesterol ? the ateries
cholesterol is carried in the blood in protein-and-lipid packages
clogs
Lipoproteins
bad cholesterol
shuttle cholesterol from ? to organs and tissues
can accumulate on artery walls and be oxidized by ?
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
liver
free radicals
good cholesterol
shuttle unused cholesterol back to liver for ?
By removing cholesterol from blood vessels, help protect against ?
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
recycling
atherosclerosis
Guidelines for treatment of blood cholesterol are based on an individual’s risk of developing CVD in the next ? years
•Offers ? modifications
•Suggests ? therapy at different intensity doses
10
lifestyle
statin
People may cut their heart attack risk by about ? for every ? they reduce their total blood cholesterol levels
2%
1%
An estimated ? to ? million Americans are so sedentary that they are at high risk for developing ?
40
60
CVD
Is an abnormal and uncontrollable multiplication of cells or tissue that can lead to death if untreated
Cancer
A mass of tissue that serves no purpose
Tumor
A mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration into other tissues
Benign tumor
Can invade surrounding tissues
Malignant tumor
Cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to ? and ? when it should not
grow and divide
May be diagnosed by an X-ray or ? - the removal of tissue for microscopic examination
biopsy
The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
Cancer cells move away from the ? tumor
Metastasis
Primary
Traveling and seeding process of cancerous cells
Cells break away from the primary tumor and invade surrounding tissues or travel through the blood and ?
New tumors are called ? tumors or metastases
Metastasizing
Lymphatic system
Significant number of cancer cases go into ?, a period in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease
In some cases lasts for ?
Typically results from ?
Remission
Years
Treatment
More than ? million Americans are diagnosed yearly
American Cancer Society estimates that the ? for all cancers diagnosed between 2007 and 2013 is ?
1.6
Five year survival rate, 69%
Certain genes may ? some people to cancer
Specific genetic mutations have been associated with ?
Mutations may be ? or caused by environmental agents
predispose
cancer
inherited
Most prominent example of an inherited genetic mutation associated with the ? gene
Women who inherited an altered copy face a significantly increased risk of ? and ? cancer
BRCA
breast, ovarian
Smoking is responsible for about ? of all cancer deaths
In men, ? of lung cancer deaths
In women, ?
1/3
83%
76%
? use is a direct cause of several times of cancer
Types of cancer
Cancers of the larynx, mouth, pharynx, ?, ?, pancreas, kidneys, ?, and ?
Tobacco
Lung and bronchial
Esophagus, stomach, bladder, cervix
Exercise reduces risk by: Helping to decrease ? and resting ? •Increasing ? •Maintaining desirable ? •Improving the ? of blood vessels •Preventing or controlling ?
blood pressure, heart rate HDLs weight condition diabetes
- Risk of death from CVD is two to three times more likely at a body mass index (BMI)≥ 30
- Strongly associated with:
- ?
- Physical inactivity
- Increasing age
Obesity
Hypertension
With excess weight, there is more blood to pump and the heart has to work harder, a situation that can lead to ventricular ?
hypertrophy
Diabetes Doubles the risk of CVD for ? and ? the risk for women Hypertension •Obesity •Unhealthy ? levels
men, triples
blood lipid
Elevated blood ? and ? can damage the endothelial cells lining the arteries
•More vulnerable to ?
People with ? are also at increased risk
blood, insulin
atherosclerosis
prediabetes
High ? levels are a reliable predictor of heart disease
Individuals with insulin ? tend to have several other related risk factors
•Cluster of abnormalities known as ? syndrome, significantly increase risk of CVD
CVD
? plays a key role in the development of CVD
triglyceride
resistance
metabolic
inflammation
Psychological and social factors: •Stress •Chronic ? and anger •Suppressing ? distress •Depression •Anxiety •Social ? •Low ? Alcohol and drugs can cause serious ? problems
hostility psychological isolation socioeconomic status cardiac
- ?: CVD has a genetic component associated with high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity
- Age: about ?% of heart attack victims are 65 and older
- Gender: ? have higher risk earlier in life
- Race and ethnicity: ? Americans have a higher risk of hypertension, heart disease, and stroke
genetics
70%
men
African
?, an amino acid circulating in the blood at elevated levels
- Infectious agents
- Levels of ?(a), or Lp(a)
- LDL particle size
- Blood levels of ?
- Blood levels of ? acid
Homocysteine
lipoprotein
iron
uric
Eat heart-healthy •Decrease ? and trans fat intake •Eat a high-fiber diet •Reduce ? intake and increase ? intake •Avoid excessive alcohol consumption •Eat foods rich in ? fatty acids
saturated
sodium, potassium
omega-3
Additional dietary options: •Plant ? and sterols •? acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 •Calcium •Vitamin ? •? protein •Healthy carbohydrates •Reduced daily caloric intake DASH: ?
stanols folic D soy Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
Foods contain both potentially ? compounds and potentially ? ones
Limit dietary ? and meat
•May contribute to certain cancers, including ?, stomach, and prostate
•Alcohol and tobacco interact as risk factors for ? cancer
-Avoid foods cooked at ? temperatures
dangerous, protective fat colon oral high
Some essential nutrients help reduce the effects of carcinogens by acting as antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the ?
? which are substances in plants that help protect against chronic diseases
carotenoids
phytochemicals
Some environmental carcinogens are natural, like ? rays;
Microbes, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, account for ? to ?% of the world’s cancers
UV
15 to 20%
Types of human papillomavirus: ? cancer, cervical cancer, and other cancers
•?—stomach cancer
•Hepatitis B and C—as many as 80% of all ? cancers
oropharyngeal
Helicobacter pylori
liver
Ingested chemicals •Nitrosamines: ? and ? combined with dietary substances; highly potent carcinogens Environmental and industrial ? •Occupational exposure Radiation •Medical scans •?
nitrates, nitrites
pollution
sunlight
Detecting cancer •Self-monitoring and ?cancer checkups *Diagnosing cancer •? •Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); computed ?(CT); ultrasonography *Treating cancer •Surgery •?: use of medications to kill cancer cells *Radiation
Routine
Biopsy, tomography
Chemotherapy
?—the most common—arise from the epithelial tissue that covers body surfaces (linings, tubes, cavities, and secretion glands)
•? arise in connective and fibrous tissues (bone, muscle, cartilage and membranes covering muscle or fat)
•?: cancers of the lymph nodes
•?: cancers of the blood-forming cells, chiefly in bone marrow
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Lymphomas
Leukemias
?: a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer
•?: a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders, including cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma
Oncologist
Hematologist
Most common cause of cancer death
About ? deaths per year in U.S.
Risk factors: smoking contributes to ? of lung cancer deaths
Five year survival rate for all stages is only ?
Lung cancer
160,000
90%
17%
Colon and rectal cancer
Vast majority of cases diagnosed after ? years of age
Small growths on the wall of the colon
Five year survival rate with early detection is ?
45
Polyps
90%
Most common cancer in women Early detection is key Mammogram, followed up by a ? if necessary Treatment and prevention: Surgery, from ? to masctomy Monoclonal ? Selective estrogen receptor ? (SERMS) Five year survival rates: ? if detected before it has spread;? for all stages
Breast cancer Ultrasonography Lumpectomy Antibodies Modulators 99%, 89%
Most common cancer in Men Early detection is key PSA test Digital ? examination Treatment Varies based on stage and ? of patient Five year survival rate is now nearly ?
Prostate cancer Prostate-specific antigen rectal Age 100%
