Chapter 16 Flashcards
Self-assessment •Symptoms are often an expression of the body’s attempt to ? itself •Carefully observing them lets you identify those that suggest you need ? assistance Knowing when to see a physician: •See a physician for symptoms that are: •Severe •? •Persistent •?
- heal
- professional
- unusual, recurrent
Patience and careful self-observation: -? options -Self-medication -?drugs that can be purchased without a prescription
- nondrug
- over-the-counter (OTC) drugs medications
Guidelines to self-medicating safely: -try to buy ? drugs -Store your medications in a ? place -se special caution with aspirin •Risk of ? syndrome in children and adolescents
- generic
- cool, dry
- Reye’s syndrome
-?mainstream health care
-(CAM):
those therapies not part of conventional medicine
-?combines nonmainstream and conventional
medicine
-?replacement for conventional medicine
-?has also become widely accepted
•Conventional methods given priority
•CAM ? (technique or form) may be included if it could
have additional benefits
- conventional medicine
- complementary and alternative medicine
- complementary
- alternative
- integrative medicine
- modality
Standard Western medicine; ?
•Disease is caused by identifiable physical factors
•Every disease is defined by signs and ?
•Similar in most patients
•Disease can be caused by either ? or ? factors
•Relies heavily on ?, surgery, and advanced
medical technology
- biomedicine
- symptoms
- internal, external
- pharmaceuticals
-Research process employs (RCTs)
Conclusions may be enhanced by a ? that
combines data from two or more methodologically
similar RCTs
- randomized controlled trials
- meta-analysis
-is a biologically inactive substance a patient
believes is an effective therapy for his or her condition
-occurs when a patient improves after
receiving the placebo
-difference in outcome between the placebo
and the experimental treatment
Consistently, 30 to 40% of all patients given a placebo
show some ?
•Patients’ ? expectations are likely a factor
- placebo
- placebo effect
- treatment effect
- improvement
- positive
Choosing a Specialist: Use an emergency department or hospital recommended by your (PCP) For non-emergencies you may be limited by your ? You should be referred by your PCP
- Primary care physician
- insurance plan
-Physician–patient ? is important
-involves the medical history, a
physical exam, and diagnostic testing
-a test result that incorrectly detects a disorder
or condition
-a test result fails to correctly detect a disease
or condition
- partnership
- diagnostic process
- false positive
- false negative
Many ? can be done on an ?
•As with prescriptions, ask questions; be sure you understand
what is involved and whether it is ? at all
- elective surgeries
- outpatient basis
- necessary
CAM focuses on integration of ?, body, and ? in
seeking ways to restore harmony and health
•? opposite of dualistic, which treats the
mind and body separately
Categories of CAM:
•Alternative medical systems
•Mind–body medicine
•Natural ?products
•? and body-based practices
•Other CAM practices
- mind, spirit
- holistic health care
- biologic
- Manipulative
Alternative Medical Systems
Other complete medical systems
•Traditional Chinese medicine; ?
-homeopathy
Concept of ? (energy) is common to many alternative systems •Disease as an imbalance of energies within the body, mind, and spirit •? (China); vis vitalis (Greek, Roman, European); prana (Ayurveda of India) Whole patient is treated •Multiple ? and techniques together
- life force
- Qi
- remedies
illness viewed as
the result of a problem in the quality, quantity, balance,
or flow of qi, the life force
•Two primary treatment methods: ?
and acupuncture
•Medicinal use of acupuncture is supported by an accumulating
body of scientific evidence
- traditional Chinese medicine
- herbal teas
-treatment with highly diluted substances
to trigger the natural system of healing
•“Like cures like”
-the body has the ability to maintain and
restore optimal health
•Uses a variety of holistic approaches
•Emphasizes natural modalities for healing
- homeopathy
- naturopathy
? that use connections between the mind
and body
•?, yoga, visualization, tai chi, and biofeedback
•Psychotherapy, support groups, prayer, music and art therapy
-guided relaxation and imagery to
overcome certain conditions
•Chronic pain, pain during surgery or childbirth, unhealthy
habits, anxiety and phobias
- interventions
- hypnotherapy
-or biologically based therapies,
include substances derived from plant or animal sources
•Herbal therapies, botanicals, animal tissue extracts
•Well-designed clinical studies have been conducted on a
number of natural products
Safety issues:
•Drug-herb interactions; ?; regulation
•? of patients to reveal use to conventional doctor-
- natural products
- contamination
- failure
-focuses on the relationship between
structure and function
•Spine, joints, muscles, and nervous system
•?; also exercise, lifestyle modifications,
nutrition, and orthotics
Exercise for health maintenance, promotion, and
disease prevention fits the CAM definition
•? (EIM)—physician-prescribed exercise
- chiropractic
- manipulation of joints
- exercise is medicine
-use energy either originating within
the body or from other sources
•? : corrects disturbances in the flow of life energy with
specific hand positions
•? : derived from ancient techniques involving
using the hands to detect and transmit energy
? : apply therapeutic magnets to
manage pain and increase blood flow
•Available research is insufficient
- energy therapies
- Reiki
- Therapeutic touch
- Magnetic therapies
Research shows ? can improve fibromyalgia patients’
overall quality of life
•CAM is used more often to treat ? than any other
condition
- tai chi
- back pain
Areas to discuss: safety, ?, timing, ?
-effectiveness, cost
-encourages healthy people
to purchase insurance to help insurance companies
keep ? (monthly payments) lower
Two key provisions: increases ? services and ?
insurance companies from discriminating on the basis of
preexisting medical conditions
•Individual mandate that required everyone to buy a ?
insurance plan (or pay a tax penalty) was repealed by Congress
in 2017 (effective in 2019)
- Affordable Care Act
- premiums
- preventive, forbids
- minimal
-amount you pay before insurance coverage begins
-amount you pay for a particular service, when your
insurance provider pays the balance
-based on a fee for each service provided, with
the cost shared between you and the insurance company
-contracts with a network of providers and
facilities to provide care at reduced costs
- deductible
- copayment
- indemnity plan
- managed care plan
-a prepaid plan that
covers services within a network
-a prepaid plan that
contracts for lower fees, where you can go outside the
network without a referral but will pay more
-you pay less if you use the plan’s
network; if you go outside the network without a referral, you
will pay most or all of the cost
- health maintenance organization
- preferred provider organization
- post-of-service plan
-a federal health insurance program for people aged
65 and over and for younger people with certain disabilities
-a federally subsidized state-run plan of health care
for people with low income
- medicare
- medicaid
