Chapter 12 Flashcards
Bodies are composed of ? and ?
- fat free mass
* body fat
nonfat tissues
*Fat-free tissues
Body fat includes:
•? fat
•Fat stored in fat cells (?)
•Fat located in ? (under the skin) and around major organs (?)
- Essential
- Adipose tissue
- Subcutaneous fat
- Visceral fat
the proportion of the body’s total weight that is fat
Percent body fat
- total body weight above the recommended range for good health
- more serious degree of overweight that carries multiple health risks
- Overweight
* Obesity
Several methods are used to measure and evaluate body weight and percent body fat
*Body composition
•Body mass index (BMI)
•Body fat distribution
Estimating Body Composition
- Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
- Skinfold measurement
- Scanning procedures
Scanning Procedures
*CT scan
•MRI
•Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
•Dual-photon absorptiometry
is useful for classifying the health risks of body weight
•Correlated with but does not directly measure body fat
Body mass index (BMI)
(in kilograms) divided by the square of height (in meters)
Body weight
Standards set by the NIH: •Between 18.5 and 24.9 is ? •Greater than 25 is ? •Greater than 30 is ? •Below 18.5 is classified as ?, although low BMI values may be healthy in some cases
- healthy
- overweight
- obese
- underweight
Apple shape: ?
Upper regions of the body, particularly abdomen
•Increased risk of high blood pressure, diabetes, early-onset heart disease, stroke, and cancer
android obesity
Pear shape: ?
•Fat storage in the hips, buttocks, and thighs
Gynoid obesity
Obesity ? mortality rates and can reduce life expectancy by 10 to 20 years
doubles
causes a disruption of normal metabolism
Diabetes mellitus
Type 1 diabetes
•Immune system ? insulin-producing cells in the ?
•Type 2 diabetes
•Strongly associated with ? body fat
•Pancreas does not produce enough ?, body cells have become ?, or both
- detsroys, pancreas
* excess, insulin, resistant,
Low levels of body fat are a threat to wellness:
Reproductive, circulatory, and immune system disorders
Female athlete triad:
•? patterns (and excessive exercising)
•? absence of menstruation
•? (premature osteoporosis)
- Abnormal eating
- Amenorrhea
- Decreased bone density
is key to maintaining healthy body weight and keeping a healthy ratio of fat to fat-free mass
Energy balance
Body ? (calories) and ? (calories) to maintain vital body functions
•To change weight, the balance must be ?
•? energy balance
•? energy balance
- takes in energy, uses energy
- tipped
- positive, negative
*Genetics contribute to ? to ?% of an individual’s body fat, but one’s environment is still important
•a theory suggests our bodies are designed to maintain a stable ?
- 25 to 40%
* set point
? can change if changes in activity and diet are maintained over a long time
Set point
? accounts for about 65 to 70% of daily energy expenditure
•Genetics, behavior, and weight loss or gain affect ?
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
Lifestyle factors
•?
•?
•?
- Energy intake and dietary patterns
- Physical activity
- Sleep
Psychosocial factors
•Food as a means of ? with stress and negative emotions
•Obesity is strongly associated with ? status
•Foods within your family and ?
- coping
- socioeconomic
- culture
Americans live and work in an ?
*“obesogenic” environment
? is a major cause of overweight and obesity
*Slow weight gain
Replace ? foods with ? foods
*energy-dense, nutrient-dense food
Weight problems are associated with ? and negative emotions
•“Ideal self”
•? can be self-deprecating or positively motivating
- low self-esteem
* self-talk
Noncommercial: TOPS; OA
Commercial: WW
- Take Off Pounds Sensibly
- Overeaters Anonymous
- Weight Watchers
•NIH recommends weight loss (bariatric) surgery for individuals with a BMI greater than ?, or greater than ? with an obesity-related illness
*40, 35
Bariatric surgery modifies the ? tract by changing either the ? of the stomach or how the intestine ?, thereby reducing food intake
- gastrointestinal
- size
- drains
Weight loss generally ranges between ? and ?% of total body weight
*40, 70%
the mental representation a person holds about his or her body, consisting of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, and emotions
Body image
Severe body image problems:
•BDD
•Constant preoccupation with body imperfections
•Related to obsessive-compulsive disorder
•MD
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder
* Muscle Dysmorphia
are psychological disorders, characterized by severe disturbances in body image, eating patterns, and eating-related behaviors
•? nervosa
•? nervosa
•? disorder
- Eating disorders
- Anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia nervosa
- Binge-eating disorder
- involves a refusal to eat enough food to maintain a reasonable body weight
- the use of vomiting, laxatives, or other methods to compensate for food that has been eaten
- Anorexia nervosa
* purge
is characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by purging
*Bulimia nervosa
incontrollable eating followed by feelings of guilt and shame about weight gain
Binge-eating disorder
Feeding or eating disorders that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for anorexia, bulimia, or binge-eating disorder may be classified as
other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFED)
Anorexia nervosa: ? a medical crisis
Bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder: ? the eating patterns
- averting
* stabilizing
