Chapter 15

Question 1

? - is concerned with the collective interactions of humans with their environment and the health consequences of these interactions
•?: everything that surrounds us
•Environmental pollutants contribute to infectious diseases, immediate symptoms, and chronic diseases as well
•Technological advances have increased our ability to affect and damage the environment
•Rapid population growth means more competition for and consumption of resource

Answer 1

Environmental health

Environment

Question 2

World population: currently around 7.6 billion
•Increasing at a rate of ? million per year
How many people can the world hold?
•Population’s demand for resources already exceeds earth’s capacity by ?%
•Factors that may eventually cap population:
•Food
•Available land and water
•Energy

Answer 2

80 million

20%

Question 3

Factors that contribute to population growth:
•? birth rates and lack of family planning resources
•? death rates
Successful population management must provide for:
•Less poverty, to remove the pressures to have large families
•Improved health
•Better education
•Increased literacy and employment opportunities for women
•Family planning

Answer 3

high, lower

Question 4

“Extreme energy sources” are ? that are relatively difficult to access and extract
•Deepwater ? rigs
•? sands oil extraction
•Drilling and hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) for natural gas extraction

Answer 4

fossil fuels

oil, tar

Question 5

Renewable energy sources are naturally ? and essentially inexhaustible
•? power
•Solar power
•? power
•Biomass
•Biofuels

Answer 5

replenished

wind, geothermal

Question 6

? - •An alcohol made from plant sugars

•Critics claim it requires more energy to produce that it yields and diverts crops from the food supply

Answer 6

Ethanol

Question 7

? - use two or more distinct power sources to propel the vehicle
•Such as ?, a traditional internal combustion engine, and an electric motor
•Greater fuel ?; fewer polluting emissions; and less noise
Second generation of all-electric vehicles (EVs) has recently been introduced

Answer 7

Hybrid electric vehicles
batteries
economy

Question 8

? - indicates whether air pollution poses a health concern
•Used for five major air pollutants
•Carbon ?; sulfur dioxide; nitrogen ?; particulate matter; ground-level ozone
? - is a mixture of pollutants
•Ground-level ozone is the key ?
•Linked to combination of heavy motor vehicle traffic, high temperatures, and sunny weather

Answer 8

Air Quality Index
monoxide, dioxide
smog
ingredient

Question 9

Earth’s temperature depends on a balance between ? and the amount of ?
•?: a buildup of heat that raises the temperature of the lower atmosphere
•?, or climate change, is caused by the concentration of ?
•Increased rainfall and flooding
•Increased mortality from heat stress, urban pollution, tropical disease, and extreme weather
•Shift in location of vegetation zones
•Alterations of ecosystems
•Rapid and drastic melting of the polar ice caps

Answer 9

energy absorption, energy radiated
greenhouse effect
global warming, greenhouse gases

Question 10

? - a fragile, invisible layer about 10 to 30 miles above the earth’s surface that shields the planet from the sun’s hazardous UV rays
•Being destroyed primarily by ? industrial chemicals in refrigerators and air conditioners that rise into the atmosphere and release chlorine atoms
•Life on earth would be ? without the ozone layer

Answer 10

Ozone layer
chlorofluorocarbons
impossible

Question 11

? - Reduces tooth decay by ? to ?%

•Some controversy over its safety for human health

Answer 11

fluoridation

15 to 40%

Question 12

? - •Sludge remaining from sewage treatment is often contaminated with ? and chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Answer 12

Sewage

heavy metals

Question 13

What’s in our garbage?
•Largest portion: paper products
•About ?% of solid waste is toxic
•Computer components
•Manufacturing, mining, and other industries all produce large amounts of potentially dangerous materials that cannot simply be dumped
Disposal of solid waste
•? disposal sites have several disadvantages

Answer 13

1%

sanitary landfill

Question 14

? - certain products that can break down naturally, safely, and quickly into raw materials
•Products that are ? may break down through biotic and abiotic processes
? uses waste materials as raw materials in the production of new products
Discarded technology: e-waste
•Fastest-growing portion of our waste system

Answer 14

Biodegradable
compostable
recycling

Question 15

? - •Widely used for fire protection and insulation in buildings until the late 1960s
•Causes ?, lung cancer, and other serious lung diseases
? - •In pipes and paints (until banned in ?)
•Causes neurological and other serious impairments
•Presence of lead pipes contributed to the drinking water crisis in Flint, Michigan

Answer 15

Asbestos
asbestosis
lead
1978

Question 16

? and herbicides are used to prevent insect-borne disease and maximize food production
•Build up in the food change through ?
Mercury
•From coal-fired power plants, mining and smelting operations, and consumer products
•Damages ? and other body systems
•?—large, long-lived fish carry high levels

Answer 16

pesticides
biomagnification
nervous
bioaccumulative

Question 17

? differs in wavelength and energy; shorter waves have the ? energy level
•Ultraviolet rays, microwaves, X-rays, the sun, electronics, uranium, and nuclear weapons
•Gamma rays at high doses can cause ?
Nuclear weapons and nuclear energy
•? was developed as an alternative to oil and coal
•Fukushima
•Problem of waste disposal
Medical uses of radiation: ?

Answer 17

radiation
highest
radiation sickness
nuclear power
X-rays

Question 18

Concerns about persistent noise in the environment focus on two areas: ? and ?
Prolonged exposure to sounds above ? to ? decibels can cause permanent hearing loss •Workplace
•Sporting events, rock concerts, movie theaters
? (OSHA) sets legal standards for noise in the workplace

Answer 18

hearing loss, stress
80 to 85
Occupational Safety and Health Administration