Chapter 17 - Urinary System

Question 1

What are the main functions of the kidneys?

Answer 1

regulate fluid, waste, electrolytes, pH; secrete hormones

Question 2

What hormones are secreted by kidneys?

Answer 2

erythropoietin, renin, activates vitamin D

Question 3

Organs of the urinary system?

Answer 3

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Question 4

What is micturition?

Answer 4

urination

Question 5

What muscle contracts the bladder?

Answer 5

detrusor muscle

Question 6

What is the involuntary urine control muscle?

Answer 6

internal urethral sphincter

Question 7

What is the voluntary urine control muscle?

Answer 7

external urethral sphincter

Question 8

What is the guarding reflex?

Answer 8

prevents urination until ready

Question 9

What is the voiding reflex?

Answer 9

triggers urination

Question 10

What is a nephron?

Answer 10

kidney’s filtering unit

Question 11

Parts of the nephron (in order)?

Answer 11

glomerulus, capsule, proximal tubule, loop, distal tubule, collecting duct

Question 12

What are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 12

cortical, juxtamedullary

Question 13

Most common nephron type?

Answer 13

cortical (80%)

Question 14

What is the function of juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 14

concentrate urine

Question 15

What are the 4 kidney processes?

Answer 15

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

Question 16

What is filtration, and what is the selectivity?

Answer 16

blood → tubule ; nonselective

Question 17

What is reabsorption, and what is the selectivity?

Answer 17

tubule → blood ; selective

Question 18

What is secretion, and what is the selectivity?

Answer 18

blood → tubule ; targeted

Question 19

What is excretion?

Answer 19

urine leaving body

Question 20

Where does filtration occur?

Answer 20

glomerulus

Question 21

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 21

filtering capillary network

Question 22

What is the glomerulus capsule?

Answer 22

surrounds glomerulus, collects filtrate

Question 23

What is ultrafiltrate?

Answer 23

plasma minus proteins

Question 24

What is in ultrafiltrate?

Answer 24

water, ions, glucose, urea, amino acids

Question 25

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Answer 25

filtrate per minute (~125 mL/min)

Question 26

Total filtrate per day?

Answer 26

~180 liters

Question 27

Blood volume is filtered every ___ minutes.

Answer 27

40

Question 28

3 forces affecting GFR?

Answer 28

glomerular BP (60), osmotic pressure (32), capsule pressure (18)

Question 29

What are fenestrae?

Answer 29

capillary pores

Question 30

What are podocytes?

Answer 30

cells with filtration slits

Question 31

What is the extrinsic mechanism that regulates GFR?

Answer 31

sympathetic nervous system

Question 32

How does sympathetic nervous system activation affect GFR?

Answer 32

vasoconstriction → lowers GFR

Question 33

What are the intrinsic GFR control methods?

Answer 33

myogenic, tubuloglomerular feedback

Question 34

What is myogenic regulation?

Answer 34

arterioles constrict/dilate with BP

Question 35

What does macula densa detect?

Answer 35

NaCl (sodium chloride) and flow in filtrate

Question 36

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 36

regulates renin and arteriole diameter

Question 37

% of water/Na⁺ reabsorbed total?

Answer 37

~99%

Question 38

% reabsorbed in proximal tubules?

Answer 38

65%

Question 39

What is the countercurrent multiplier?

Answer 39

loop system that concentrates urine

Question 40

Permeability of the descending limb?

Answer 40

water only

Question 41

Permeability of the ascending limb?

Answer 41

NaCl only (active transport)

Question 42

What does high medullary salt cause?

Answer 42

water to leave descending limb

Question 43

What is the role of urea in medulla?

Answer 43

adds to osmotic pressure

Question 44

What is final reabsorption controlled by?

Answer 44

hormones (ADH, aldosterone)

Question 45

What does ADH do?

Answer 45

adds aquaporins → reabsorbs water

Question 46

What triggers ADH release?

Answer 46

high blood osmolarity

Question 47

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 47

reabsorbs Na⁺, secretes K⁺

Question 48

Where does aldosterone act?

Answer 48

cortical collecting duct

Question 49

What triggers aldosterone?

Answer 49

renin-angiotensin system

Question 50

What is renin released by?

Answer 50

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 51

RAAS increases what?

Answer 51

BP and water retention

Question 52

What does ANP do?

Answer 52

increases Na⁺ and water excretion

Question 53

What triggers ANP?

Answer 53

atrial stretch (↑ blood volume)

Question 54

How do kidneys regulate pH?

Answer 54

secrete H⁺, reabsorb HCO₃⁻ (bicarbonate)

Question 55

What is the minimum urine pH?

Answer 55

4.5

Question 56

What are urinary buffers?

Answer 56

ammonia, phosphates

Question 57

What is incontinence?

Answer 57

loss of urine control

Question 58

What is retention?

Answer 58

incomplete bladder emptying

Question 59

What is renal suppression?

Answer 59

no urine production

Question 60

What are obstructive disorders?

Answer 60

block urine flow

Question 61

What are some examples of obstruction?

Answer 61

tumors, stones, enlarged prostate

Question 62

What are kidney stones?

Answer 62

crystals in urinary tract

Question 63

What causes UTI?

Answer 63

bacteria

Question 64

UTI types?

Answer 64

urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis

Question 65

What is glomerulonephritis?

Answer 65

glomerular inflammation

Question 66

What is nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 66

proteinuria, low albumin, edema

Question 67

What is proteinuria?

Answer 67

protein in urine

Question 68

What is renal failure?

Answer 68

loss of kidney function

Question 69

What are the stages of renal failure?

Answer 69

damage → polyuria → ESRD (end-stage renal disease)