Chapter 14 - Cardiac Output Flashcards
____ ____ is the total amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute and is calculated as Stroke Volume x Heart Rate.
Cardiac output
The primary pacemaker of the heart is the ____ ____.
SA (sinoatrial) node
The ____ nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the heart and decreases heart heat.
vagus
_____ stimulation of the SA node and adrenal medulla increases heart rate.
Sympathetic
____ ____ is the amount of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat.
Stroke volume
A normal resting stroke volume is approximately ___ mL.
70
The three main factors affecting stroke volume are _____ (end-diastolic volume), _____ (total peripheral resistance), and _____.
preload, afterload, contractility
____ ____ determines the volume of blood returned to the heart and affects end-diastolic volume.
Venous return
Veins are also called _____ vessels because they store most of the blood at rest.
capacitance
The skeletal muscle pump, pressure difference in the thoracic/abdominal cavities, and sympathetic vasoconstriction all influence ____ ____.
venous return
The ____-____ laws explains that increased end-diastolic volume stretches the heart muscle and increases stroke volume.
Frank-Starling
Heart rate, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance determine ____ ____.
blood pressure
_____ pressure is the pressure in arteries during heart contraction.
Systolic
_____ pressure is the pressure in arteries during heart relaxation.
Diastolic
_____ pressure is calculated by subtracting diastolic pressure from systolic pressure.
Pulse
____ ____ pressure is calculated as diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure.
Mean arterial (MAP)
The two pressures that affect capillary exchange are ____ pressure and ____ pressure.
hydrostatic, osmotic
_____ is the accumulation of excess fluid in tissues due to factors like high BP, venous obstruction, or plasma protein leakage.
Edema
_____ hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary to promote water reabsorption.
Antidiuretic (ADH)
ADH increases water reabsorption in the _____ ducts.
collecting
_____ is released by the adrenal cortex and promotes sodium and water retention.
Aldosterone
The ____-____-____ system (RAAS) is activated by low blood pressure and leads to aldosterone release.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
____ ____ peptide is released when the atria stretch and promotes sodium and water excretion.
Atrial natriuretic (ANP)
Blood flow is driven by pressure ____ (ΔP) and opposed by ____.
difference, resistance
