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Physiology > Chapter 11 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system is a series of glands that produce _____, which act on specific targets.

A

hormones

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2
Q

Hormones are chemical messengers transported by the _____.

A

blood

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3
Q

Most endocrine organs function in other ____ systems.

A

body

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4
Q

Non-steroid hormones include _____, _____, and _____.

A

amines, polypeptides, proteins

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5
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from the lipid _____.

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

Amine hormones are derived from the amino acids _____ and _____.

A

tyrosine, tryptophan

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7
Q

Most hormones are classified as ____ proteins or _____.

A

peptides

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8
Q

Steroid hormones are ____ and can pass through the cell membrane.

A

lipophilic

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9
Q

Neural regulation tends to be ____, while endocrine regulation is ____.

A

fast, slow

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10
Q

Hormone interactions include _____, _____, and _____ effects.

A

synergistic, permissive, antagonistic

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11
Q

Priming causes _____ of receptors, while desensitization leads to _____.

A

upregulation, downregulation

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12
Q

The second messenger system includes molecules like ____ and _____.

A

cAMP, Ca²⁺

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13
Q

Steroid and thyroid hormones act by binding to _____ receptors.

A

nuclear

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14
Q

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates _____ and increases ____ ____ in the blood.

A

mitosis (tissue growth), energy substrates

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15
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the release of ____ ____.

A

thyroid hormone (T₃ and T₄)

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16
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the release of _____.

A

glucocorticoids

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17
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates ____ ____ in females and _____ in males.

A

estrogen production, spermatogenesis

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18
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers _____ in females and ____ ____ in males.

A

ovulation, testosterone production

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19
Q

Prolactin (PRL) stimulates ____ ____ in females and helps regulate _____ and _____ balance in males.

A

milk production, water, electrolyte

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20
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) conserves _____ and increases ____ ____.

A

water, blood pressure

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21
Q

A lack of ADH secretion results in excessive urination and thirst, a condition called ____ ____.

A

diabetes insipidus

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22
Q

Oxytocin is regulated by a ____ feedback mechanism and causes ____ ____ and ____ ____.

A

positive, uterine contraction, milk ejection

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23
Q

The adrenal gland is composed of the outer ____ and inner ____.

A

cortex, medulla

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24
Q

The adrenal cortex produces _____, _____, and _____.

A

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

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25
Aldosterone regulates ____ ____ by conserving ____.
water balance, Na⁺ (sodium)
26
Cortisol stimulates _____ degradation, ___neogenesis, and ____lysis while _____ glucose utilization and the immune system.
protein, gluco, lipo, inhibiting
27
The adrenal medulla produces ____ and ____.
epinephrine, norepinephrine
28
The thyroid gland produces _____, _____, and _____.
T₃ (triiodothyronine), T₄ (thyroxine), calcitonin
29
Thyroid hormones are controlled by _____ from the anterior pituitary.
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
30
The parathyroid gland produces ____ ____, which _____ blood calcium levels.
parathyroid hormone (PTH), increases
31
Insulin is produced by _____ and _____ blood glucose.
β (beta) cells, decreases
32
Glucagon is produced by _____ and _____ blood glucose.
α (alpha) cells, increases
33
The pineal gland produces _____, which regulates the _____ cycle.
melatonin, circadian (sleep/wake)
34
The testes produce _____, while the ovaries produce _____ and _____.
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
35
Hyposecretion of GH in childhood leads to _____.
dwarfism
36
Hypersecretion of GH in childhood leads to _____, while in adulthood it causes _____.
gigantism, acromegaly
37
Addison's disease is caused by decreased _____ and _____.
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids
38
Cushing's syndrome is caused by excessive _____.
cortisol
39
Hypothyroidism symptoms include _____, _____ intolerance, and _____ gain.
lethargy, cold, weight
40
Hyperthyroidism symptoms include increased _____, _____ intolerance, and _____ loss.
activity, heat, weight
41
Diabetes mellitus Type 1 is caused by _____, while Type 2 is caused by _____.
autoimmunity, resistance
42
Cortisol is a type of _____ produced by the adrenal cortex.
glucocorticoid
43
The adrenal cortex is divided into three layers: zona _____, zona _____, and zona _____.
glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
44
The zona glomerulosa produces _____, primarily _____.
mineralocorticoids, aldosterone
45
The zona fasciculata produces _____, primarily _____.
glucocorticoids, cortisol
46
The zona reticularis produces _____, mainly _____.
gonadocorticoids, DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)
47
The adrenal medulla is stimulated by the _____ nervous system to release _____ and _____.
sympathetic, epinephrine, norepinephrine
48
Thyroid hormones (T₃ and T₄) increase the body's ___ ___ ___.
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
49
The thyroid gland requires _____ to synthesize T₃ and T₄.
iodine
50
Calcitonin, produced by the ____ cells of the thyroid, lowers ____ ____ levels.
parafollicular, blood calcium
51
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium by stimulating ____ resorption, ____ reabsorption, and ____ absorption.
bone, kidney, intestinal
52
The pancreas has both ____ and ____ functions.
endocrine, exocrine
53
The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of the ____ ____ ____.
islets of Langerhans
54
Melatonin secretion is stimulated by ____ and inhibited by ____.
darkness, light
55
The heart produces ___ ___ ___, which lowers ____ ____ by promoting sodium excretion.
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), blood pressure
56
The kidneys produce ____, which stimulates ___ ___ ___ production.
erythropoietin (EPO), red blood cell (rbc)
57
The stomach produces (G) _____, which stimulates ____ secretion.
gastrin, acid
58
Negative feedback regulates hormone levels by _____ hormone release once optimal levels are reached.
inhibiting
59
The HPA axis involves the release of ___-___ ___ from the hypothalamus, ___ ___ from the pituitary, and ____ from the adrenal cortex.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol
60
Graves' disease causes _____, while Hashimoto's thyroiditis causes _____.
hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism
61
Steroid hormones bind to _____ receptors, while peptide hormones bind to ___ ___ receptors.
intracellular, cell surface
62
A patient with Addison's disease requires treatment with _____ due to low levels of _____.
corticosteroids, cortisol
63
Hormone secretion is primarily controlled by ____, ____, and ____ stimuli.
humoral, neural, hormonal
64
Calcitonin from the thyroid gland lowers blood calcium by inhibiting _____ activity.
osteoclast
65
Steroid and thyroid hormones are transported in the blood bound to ____ ____.
carrier proteins
66
Endocrine glands release hormones into the ____, while exocrine glands secrete substances into ____.
bloodstreams, ducts
67
cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate, IP3 (inositol triphosphate), and DAG (diacylglycerol) are examples of ____ ____ in hormone signaling.
second messengers
68
Cushing's syndrome can result from prolonged exposure to high levels of ____ or prolonged ____ therapy.
cortisol, corticosteroid
69
The interaction where one hormone enhances the effect of another is called a _____ effect.
permissive
70
The posterior pituitary releases ____ and ____.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone), oxytocin
71
Hormones only affect target cells with specific _____.
receptors
72
The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary via ____/____ hormones and the posterior pituitary via ____ connections.
releasing/inhibiting, neural
73
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by the ____ ____ and targets the ____, ____, and ____.
parathyroid glands, bones, kidneys, intestines
74
Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting ____ uptake, ____genesis , and ____genesis.
glucose, glyco, lipo
75
Glucagon increases blood glucose by stimulating ____lysis, ____genesis, and ____lysis.
glycogeno, gluconeo, lipo
76
Aldosterone increases ____ reabsorption and ____ excretion in the kidneys.
sodium, potassium
77
The release of cortisol is regulated by the _____ axis.
HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal)
78
The release of thyroid hormones is controlled by _____ from the anterior pituitary.
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
79
Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the ____ ____ prepare the body for fight-or-flight.
adrenal medulla
80
Cortisol supports the stress response by increasing blood ____, ____ breakdown, and ____ catabolism.
glucose, fat, protein
81
The _____ effect occurs when two or more hormones produce a stronger response together.
synergistic
82
_____ effects occur when one hormone enhances the response to a second hormone.
Permissive
83
_____ effects occur when one hormone opposes the action of another.
opposes
84
_____ hormones act by regulating gene expression in the target cell nucleus.
Steroid
85
_____ hormones act by binding to cell surface receptors and activating second messengers.
Peptide
86
Hypersecretion of cortisol causes ___ ___, while hyposecretion leads to ___ ___.
Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease
87
Goiter is commonly caused by _____ deficiency, leading to excess _____ release.
iodine, TSH
88
LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) are called _____ hormones because they regulate gonadal function.
gonadotropic
89
Testosterone production in males is stimulated by _____.
LH (luteinizing hormone)
90
FSH stimulates ___ ___ in females and ____ in males.
follicle development, spermatogenesis

Physiology (7 decks)

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