Chapter 17 Flashcards
2nd Industrial Revolution
also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization (electricity, steel, transportation improvements) in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.
Invention of Telephone
1876 by Alexander Graham Bell
Invention of Radio
1901 by Guglielmo Marconi
Invention of Typewriter
1878 by Christopher Latham Sholes
Invention of Cash Register
1879 by James Ritty
Invention of Electricity (light bulb)
1879 by Thomas Edison
Invention of Airplane
1903 by Wilbur and Orville Wright
an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. Summed up his efficiency techniques in his 1911 book The Principles of Scientific Management.
Frederick Winslow Taylor
the principles or practice of scientific management
“Taylorism”
an American captain of industry and a business magnate, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.
Henry Ford
generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Ford’s efficient fabrication, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting
Model T
where a person’s financial liability is limited to a fixed sum, most commonly the value of a person’s investment in a company or partnership. If a company with limited liability is sued, then the claimants are suing the company, not its owners or investors.
limited liability
an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller and Henry Flagler as a corporation in Ohio, it was the largest oil refinery in the world of its time.
Standard Oil
an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. As of 2018, the company operates through the following segments: aviation, healthcare, power, renewable energy, digital, additive manufacturing, venture capital and finance, lighting, transportation, and oil and gas. (Thomas Edison)
General Electric
a Scottish-American industrialist, business magnate, and philanthropist. He led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and is often identified as one of the richest people. His 1889 article proclaiming “The Gospel of Wealth” called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, and stimulated a wave of philanthropy.
Andrew Carnegie
an American writer, best known for his many young adult novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty. His writings were characterized as “rags to riches” stories.
Horatio Alger
the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, it was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.
Social Darwinism
Alternative Visions
Socialism
Communism
Labor Unions
Monopoly
a utopian science fiction novel by Edward Bellamy, a journalist and writer from Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts; first published in 1888. It influenced a large number of intellectuals, and appears by title in many socialist writings of the day.
Looking Backward: 2000-1887
Examples of Labor Unions
Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor
American labor union leader, politician and attorney, best known as head of the Knights of Labor in the late 1880s. He was elected mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania, for three 2-year terms, starting in 1878.
Terrence Powderly
English-born American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. founded American Federation of Labor in Columbus, OH in December of 1886.
Samuel Gompers
members of which are commonly termed “Wobblies”, is an international labor union that was founded in 1905 in Chicago, Illinois in the United States of America.
International Workers of the World (I.W.W.)
the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday, May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago
Haymarket Affair/Haymarket Square
an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892. The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for their efforts to unionize steelworkers.
Homestead strike
a nationwide railroad strike in the United States that lasted from May 11 to July 20, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law.
Pullman strike
an American democratic socialist political activist and trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W. or the Wobblies), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.
Eugene V. Debs
determined the resident population of the United States to be 106,021,537, an increase of 15.0 percent over the 92,228,496 persons enumerated during the previous Census.
1920 Census
a world’s fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the New World in 1492.
1893 Columbian Exposition (World’s Columbian Exposition)
NY – Fifth Avenue Boston – Beacon Hill Philadelphia – Society Hill Chicago – Lake Shore Drive San Francisco – Nob Hill
Rich Housing of 2nd Industrial Revolution
Middle class resided in…
suburban communities
Poor resided in…
tenement housing
an early publication of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s.
How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (1890) by Jacob Riis
a political group in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts.
“The Machine” or “Boss Politics”
an American politician most notable for being the “boss” of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State.
William M. “Boss” Tweed
a New York City political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789. The Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s.
Tammany Hall
