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Intro to Radiography > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a micro-organism?

A

Microscopic organism that can grow in or on a host organism and cause disease

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2
Q

What is an infection?

A

Establishment and growth of microorganisms on or in host

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3
Q

What happens when an infection causes injury to host?

A

Disease

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4
Q

What microorganisms cause disease?

A

Pathogenic Microorganisms

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5
Q

What do Pathogenic Microorganisms do?

A

Cause obstruction by multipying in large numbers

Cause tissue damage

Secrete organic substances called exotoxins

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6
Q

Side effects of exotoxins:

A

high body temp, nausea, vomitting, shock

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7
Q

What are the four infection agents?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoan

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8
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria and how are they classifed?

A

Microscopic, single cell, simple organization

Prokaryotes (lacks nucleus)

Classified by morphology, biochemistry, and genetic constituion

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9
Q

What are Endospores?

A

Highly resisitant form of bacteria in resting state

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10
Q

Common bacterias:

A

Streptococcal Pharyngitis (strep throat)

Klebsiella Pneumoniae (Pneumonia)

Clostridium Botulinum (Botulism - food poisioning)

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11
Q

Characteristics of Viruses and how are they classified?

A

Simpler in form compared to bacteria or animal cells

Neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic - conisdered obligate intracellular parasites

Cannot live outside a living cell, it needs a host

Classified by its nucleic acid, size and symmetry

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12
Q

What is a Virion?

A

Viral particle that attaches to a host and inserts genetic info

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13
Q

Why does herpes simplex just appear now and then?

A

Latent or dormant infection: travels in nervous system and reappears sporadically

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14
Q

Common viruses:

A

Epstein-Barr (Mono)
Papillomavirous (HPV)
Rhinovirus (Common cold)

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15
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A

Eukaryotic organism with membrane-bound organelles

Larger than bacteria

Can be dimorphic - grow into 2 distinct forms

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16
Q

What are the two forms Fungi can grow into?

A

Filamentous hypha - mold
Yeast

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17
Q

How does Fungi look under microscope?

A

Similar to a tree or plant

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18
Q

Diseases caused by Fungi

A

Superficial - discoloration of skin - example: Tinea nigra - black/brown on palm/planter

Cutaneous infection - keratinized tissue - Example: Tinea pedis (Athlete’s Foot) or Ringworm

Subcutaneous fungal infections via skin trauma

Systemic, via circulatory or lymphatic system; may be fatal

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19
Q

Characteristics of Protozoa

A

Unicellular, neither plant nor animal

No cell wall, greater size than bacteria

Motile and Eukaryotic

Can ingest food particles and some have Rudimentary - basic digestive systems

Classifed by Motility

Can form cysts which can help them survive while out of the host

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20
Q

Typical protozoan infections:

A

Trichomonas vaginalis
Plasmodium Vivax - malaria

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21
Q

6 steps of establishment of disease:

A
  1. Encounter
  2. Entry
  3. Spread
  4. Multipy
  5. Damage
  6. Outcome
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22
Q

Microorganisms that can pass through the placenta are:

A

Congenital infections

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23
Q

Two types of congential infections:

A

Rubella
Syphilis

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24
Q

When are we exposed to infectious microorganisms?

A

Birth

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25
Q

Some encounters we get rid of, others become:

A

Colonizers

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26
Q

What systems are in direct contact with external environment?

A

Digestive
Billiary
Urinary
Respiratory
Peritoneal cavity - women

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27
Q

Two ways to acqiure infections by entry to the body:

A

Ingression - does not involve deep tissue penetration

Penetration - skin layer broke by microorganism

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28
Q

Common Ingression and symptoms:

A

Ingested food & water
Inhale aerosols/dust

diarrhea and pneumonia

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29
Q

Types of microbes that penetrate:

A

Vectors - ticks, fleas, mosquitos

Phaygocytes

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30
Q

What is a phaygocyte?

A

Engulfs foreign microbes and transports it deeper

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31
Q

More important barrier to overcome is hosts:

A

immune system

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32
Q

What determines the degree of spread?

A

Where the microbe enters and where it ends up

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33
Q

The time that the microorganism takes before it multiplies is the:

A

Incubation period

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34
Q

Damage to cells can be:

A

Direct or Indirect

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35
Q

What is direct damage?

A

Cell death caused by destruction of the host cell

Toxins and posion secreted by infectious agent

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36
Q

What is indirect damage to a host?

A

Metabolism is altered

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37
Q

Death can result if a person has ingested toxins by the organism that causes:

A

Botulism

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38
Q

3 outcomes of infection:

A

Host controls the infection

The infectious agent overcomes the host’s immunities to cause disease

The host and infectious agent compromise and live in somewhat anxious state of symbiosis (they live together)

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39
Q

For infections to be transmitted, the following must exist:

A

Host
Infectious microorganism
Mode of transportation

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40
Q

What is a host?

A

Human

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41
Q

What are the modes of transportation?

A

Exogenously or endogenously

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42
Q

What is exogenously?

A

Microorganism transmitted outside of the body (can be indirect or direct)

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43
Q

What is direct transportation?

A

When infected individuals transmit infection by holding hands, coughing, sexual contact, etc

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44
Q

What is the common type of infection that may be spread by direct contact?

A

Staphylococcal Aureus (impetigo)

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45
Q

Liquid mediums of direct transportation:

A

Phlegm, aerosols, sneezing, coughing, excretions (urine and feces)

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46
Q

What are ways of indirect spreading?

A

Vectors (carriers) transfer infectious agent from one host to another

Formites

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47
Q

What are formites?

A

Type of indirect spreading through inanimate objects - food, water, radigraphic equipment, gloves

48
Q

What is endogenously?

A

Encounter organisms already present in or on the body

Staphylococci on surface of skin can invade deeper through laceration

49
Q

What is the reservoir?

A

Site where infectious organism camps out

50
Q

The person who carries the infection is called:

A

Host/reservoir

51
Q

What are nosocomial infections?

A

Hopsital acquired infections

52
Q

What percent of hospital patient’s acquire some additional condition being in the hosptial?

A

5%

53
Q

How many deaths annually in US for nosocomial?

A

100000+/year
8th leading cause of death

54
Q

What is Iatrogenic?

A

Infection as a result of intervention with physician

example - develop pneumonia from lung biopsy

55
Q

What makes a patient more likely to pick up disease?

A

Compromised immune system

56
Q

What is patient flora?

A

Relationship between host and microbe is beneficial or neutral, until compromised

57
Q

What are 2 blood born pathogens that are of concern for nosocomial?

A

HBV and HIV

58
Q

How is HBV spread?

A

Accidental needle sticks

59
Q

How does HIV infect the system?

A

Infects the immune systems T4 cells; as a result the virus renders these blood cells to be less effective in preventing disease

60
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

61
Q

What part of the hosptial environment causes nosocomial?

A

Fluids, food, air, medications, dust

62
Q

What are 2 invasive procedures that cause nosocomial?

A

Foley catheter
ET tubes

63
Q

What is the most common nosocomial infection?

A

UTI

64
Q

How is the skin a mechanical and chemical defense?

A

Mechanical: shedding skin cells (rubbing hands together)
Chemical: sweating

65
Q

What is the chemical mechanism in respiratory, genitourinary, GI, and the conjuctive of the eye?

A

Mucous

66
Q

Why is the enzyme in tears and urine that destorys bacteria?

A

Lysosomes

67
Q

What is Phaygocytosis?

A

Phagocyte removes foreign particles by engulfing and destorying them

68
Q

What is normal body flora?

A

Microbial community found in or on a healthy person

69
Q

What is Chemotherapy?

A

To kill a microbe within the host requires a selective toxicity of a drug

70
Q

What are the 2 kinds of chemo drugs?

A

Static and Cidal

71
Q

What do static drugs do? Example?

A

Inhibit growth

Ex - Tetracyclines

72
Q

What do Cidal drugs to?

A

Kill or destory

Ex - Penicillin

73
Q

What do vaccines do?

A

Induce active immunity in the body by making the body produce an antibody

74
Q

What is WHO?

A

World Health Organization - issues recommendations for infection control

75
Q

Who controls the infection environment in the US?

A

US dept of Health and Human Services

Center for Disease Control and Prevention

76
Q

Who enforces the Center for Disease Control and Prevention?

A

OSHA

77
Q

What is Asepsis?

A

Freedom from infection

78
Q

What are the 2 methods of asepsis?

A

Surgical and medical

79
Q

How to prevent infection in surgery?

A

Sterilization

80
Q

What is sterilization?

A

Killing of all life forms. Probability of infection is zero

81
Q

What are disinfectants?

A

Chemicals that alter the environment available to the microbe

82
Q

If a disinfectant is a topical than it is:

A

an antiseptic

83
Q

What are the two agent types of disinfectants?

A

Bacteriostatic agent
Bacteriocidal agent

84
Q

Common chemical disinfectants?

A

Chlorine
Iodine
Hydrogen Peroxide
Ammonium on surfaces
Ethylene oxide - sterilization

85
Q

What percent of hydrogen peroxide is used in deep wounds?

A

3%

86
Q

What is the most frequently used method for sterilization?

A

Heat

87
Q

What type of heat is preffered for sterilization and what device?

A

Moist heat using an autoclave

88
Q

Why is moist heat better for sterilization?

A

Carries heat better, greater surface area

89
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

Moderate heat - followed by rapid cooling

90
Q

How many nm of UV light to maximize killing microbes?

A

260nm

91
Q

What is the single most important way to prevent infection?

A

Handwashing

92
Q

What kind of soap is used for handwashing?

A

Bactericidal

93
Q

How long would it take for soap to kill all bacteria?

A

7-8 minutes

94
Q

Under the nail area is:

A

Subungual

95
Q

8 steps to handwashing:

A
  1. Approch the sink - use foot and knee pedals
  2. Wet hands - keep below elbows
  3. Apply soap - liquid form
  4. Being at wrist, work towards fingertips
  5. Rinse and allow water to run down over hands
  6. Repeat the process to cleanse from elbow to fingertips
  7. Turn off water - use towel on handles
  8. Dry from eblow to fingertips
96
Q

Standard precautions when coming in contact with body fluids:

A

Hand washing
Gloving
PPE
Needle recapping
Bio spills

97
Q

How to recap needles:

A

one-handed scoop method - place in sharps container

98
Q

How many needle sticks happen per year?

A

800,000

99
Q

How to handle bio spills?

A

Bleach solution - discard paper towel in designated medical waste container

100
Q

What are 3 types of transmission based precautions?

A

Airborne precautions
Droplet precautions
Contact precautions

101
Q

What are airborne precautions? And what are the infections you can get?

A

Pt wears mask when leaves the room

Negative pressure isolation room w/door closed. Healthcare worker should wear respiratory protection that filters inspired air

TB, chicken pox, measels

102
Q

What are droplet precautions? And what are the infections you can get?

A

Wear a surgical mask when within 3 ft of patient

Rubella, mumps, influenza

103
Q

What are contact precautions? And what are the infections you can get?

A

Remove gloves before leaving room

Clean equipment

MRSA, impetigo, hepatitis A, C-diff

104
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Virulent pathogen that spreads through contact

Sometimes called
“super bug”

105
Q

Contact precaution technique

A
  1. Determine the number of cassettes needed - place into plastic bags
  2. Move machine into isolation room
  3. Locate the isolation supplies
  4. Remove all ornamentation
  5. Put on lead apron
  6. Wash hands
  7. Put on gown - grab from arm holes
  8. Put on mask, cap, googles
  9. Put on gloves
  10. Have assistant put on gown, gloves, cap
  11. Enter isolated area and introduce yourself
  12. Position the patient
  13. Assistant will make the exposure
  14. Remove cassette - never touching the inside. Assistant never touching outside
  15. Untie the waist strings of the gown
  16. Untie the neck strings and pull down so the sleeves are inside out
  17. Remove gloves.
  18. Remove the cap and the mask
  19. Wash hands
  20. Have assistance follow same protocol. Clean equipment
  21. Wash your hands
106
Q

How to dispose of toxic waste?

A

Use leak proof bags that are colored differently (usually red)

107
Q

How should needle containers be handled according to OSHA:

A

Properly labeled
Properly sealed and covered
Handled only by trained and protected personnel

108
Q

How do chemicals in healthcare reach target organs?

A

Absorbed, transported, and metabolized in the body

109
Q

Another name for Bio-Hazardous Waste

A

Infectious Waste

110
Q

What are examples of Bio-hazardous waste?

A

Blood, body fluids, and tissues

111
Q

Who collects bio-hazardous waste?

A

Licensed bio-hazardous waste hauler

112
Q

What is medical waste?

A

Waste that is generated in labs and clinical settings. Not contaminated but could appear hazardous.

113
Q

What are examples of medical waste?

A

Non-contaminated syringes (no needles)

Empty specimen bottles

Bandages with blood

114
Q

What are commercial cleaning products?

A

Sterilants, disinfectants, pesticides

115
Q

MSDS sheet must include:

A

Physical and chemical characteristics

Potential hazardous effects

Recommendation for appropriate proptective measures

Recommendation for disposal

116
Q

Protozoa motility classifications:

A

Amoeboid locomotion - wavelike
Flagella - long tail
Cilia - short protein tail

Intro to Radiography (15 decks)

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