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Intro to Radiography > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Physiological process by which the internal systems of the body are maintained with equilibrium despite variations in external conditions

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2
Q

Mechanisms to maintain homeostasis?

A

Body temp
Pulse rate
Respiratory rate
Blood pressure
Sensorium - mental alertness

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3
Q

Benefits of vital signs

A

Can be assessed quickly

Serve as objective, non-invasive evidence of the patients immediate condition

First indication of adverse reactions

Indication of improvement

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4
Q

What is Thermoregulation?

A

Used to describe the body’s maintenance of heat production and heat loss

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5
Q

What two systems play a role in heat?

A

Hypothalamus
Respiratory System

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6
Q

What are the temp functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulation of heat loss (peripheral vasodilation and sweating)

Preservation of heat (initiating shivering - generate heat)

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7
Q

What is another word for sweating?

A

Diaphoresis

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8
Q

What are the five ways to measure body temp?

A

Oral
Axillary
Tympanic
Rectal
Temporal

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9
Q

Characteristics of oral thermometer

A

Used under tounge
20 sec - 3 minutes for reading

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10
Q

Characteristics of axillary thermometer

A

Best for kids
Used in the arm pit
5-10 minutes for reading

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11
Q

Characteristics of rectal thermometer

A

Most accurate
Placed in rectum
Reading in 2.5 to 5 minutes

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12
Q

Characteristics of Temporal Artery thermometer

A

Sweeping across forehead
Instant and accurate measurement
Most popular

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13
Q

What are infra-red thermometers?

A

Useful in wound management and diabetic foot care. Not useful for measuring core body temp.

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14
Q

Normal body temperature range

A

97.7 - 99.5

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15
Q

What happens when body temp increases?

A

Metabolic rate increases, demands on cardiopulmonary system increase

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16
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A

Abnormally high temp - above 99.5

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17
Q

Another word for fever:

A

Febrile

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18
Q

What is hypothermic?

A

Below the normal range

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19
Q

Function of respiratory system?

A

Deliver O2, eliminate CO2

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20
Q

What happens to diaphragm during inspiration?

A

Moves downward, expanding chest cavity and decreased pressure

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21
Q

What happens to diaphragm during expiration?

A

Returns to original position; increased pressure and air flows out of the lungs

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22
Q

What does normal respiration sound like?

A

Silent and effortless
Occuring at regular intervals

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23
Q

How is resipriation measured?

A

Breaths per minute

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24
Q

What is the normal range for breaths per minute?

A

Adult 12-20
Child 20-30
Newborn 30-60

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24
Q

What is Trachypnea? And what causes it?

A

Above 20 bpm (child above 30)

Fever, exercise, infection, pain, chest trauma

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25
Q

What is Bradypnea? And what causes it?

A

Below 12 bpm (child below 20)

Drug overdose, substance abuse, brain injuries, hypothermia

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26
Q

What is Dyspnea?

A

Difficulty breathing

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27
Q

What is Apnea?

A

Lack of breathing

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28
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A

Closed fluid system composed of a pump and many blood vessels

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29
Q

Function of cardiovascular system?

A

Transport oxygenated blood from lungs to cells of body and returns deoxygenated blood back to heart/lungs

Transports CO2 from cells to lungs for removal

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30
Q

What is the flow of blood through the heart?

A

Left ventricle contracts, pumps blood out of heart into aorta and throughout arteries

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31
Q

What is a pulse?

A

Rate at which your heart beats

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32
Q

What are common sites of measurement for pulse?

A

Radial artery
Brachial artery
Carotid artery

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33
Q

How to take pulse at radial artery?

A

At the base of thumb

Count 15 seconds and multiply by 4 - if irregular, count for 60

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34
Q

Where is brachial artery?

A

Antecubital fossa on adults; upper arm for infants

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35
Q

Where to take pulse for carotid artery?

A

Palpate for carotid pulse just below the angle of the mandible

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36
Q

How to get apical pulse?

A

Done with stethoscope at apex or tip of heart (5th anterior intercostal space at midclavicular line)

Count for full minute

Done if pulse is slow or irregular

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37
Q

What is auscultation?

A

Listening to internal sounds of the body w/ stethoscope

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38
Q

What is a pulse oximeter? Where it it located? What causes it to be innacurate? Normal values?

A

Non-invasive device used to measure pulse and hemoglobin O2 saturation of arterial blood

Usually located on finger, but may be seen on earlobe, foot, nose

Can be inaccurate due to poor peripheral perfusion, nail polish, etc

Normal values - 95%-100%

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39
Q

Resting pulse in adults and children:

A

Adult: 60-100 beats/minute
Child under 10: 70-120 beats/minute

40
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

Pulse is higher than 100bpm

41
Q

What causes Tachycardia?

A

Exercise, fever, anemia, shock, fear, pain, anger

42
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

Decrease in heartrate

43
Q

Causes of Bradycardia?

A

Unrelieved severe pain, athletes, hypothermia

44
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Measure of force exerted by blood on arterial walls during contraction and relaxation of heart

45
Q

What is Diastolic?

A

Resting BP - constant pressure on arterial vessels when the heart is relaxed

46
Q

What is Systolic?

A

Peak pressure present during contraction of the heart

47
Q

How is blood pressure obtained?

A

Using a sphygmomanometer and stethopscope

Arm at level of heart, cuff is placed on upper arm between the elbow and shoulder

Stethoscope is placed over brachial artery in antecubital fossa

48
Q

What is the first sound you hear when pressure is released?

A

Systolic

49
Q

What pressure is it when the sound of blood flowing can no longer be heart?

A

Diastolic

50
Q

What are Korotkoff sounds?

A

Sound of blood flowing through the arteries, you hear when taking blood pressure. Named after Russian doctor

51
Q

How is blood pressure recorded?

A

S/D

52
Q

What is normal blood pressue?

A

120/80

Systolic - 95-140 mmHg
Diastolic - 60-90 mmHg

53
Q

What is Hypertension? What organs can it cause damange to? What contributed to it? More common in who?

A

Causes increase workload on the heart

Blood pressure above 140/90

Can cause damange to heart, brain, kidneys, lungs

Diseases, stress, medication, obesity, smoking

More common in men and African Americans

54
Q

Why is hypotension? What are symptoms?

A

Blood pressure is less than 95/60

Dizziness, confusion, blurred-vision

Can go into shock as the result of severe bleeding, burns, vomitting, diarrhea, trauma, or heat exhaustion

55
Q

Oxygen makes up what percent of atomospheric gases?

A

21%

56
Q

How long can you go without oxygen before irreversible damange occurs?

A

6 minutes

57
Q

What happens when O2 levels are low?

A

Metabolic rate is compromised, homeostasis altered

58
Q

What is Hypoxia? What tissues are most sensitive to it?

A

Oxygen supply to tissues is reduced

Brain, heart and liver

59
Q

What is Hypoxemia?

A

Low oxygen in blood

60
Q

How many patients in acute care are on oxygen?

A

1/3

61
Q

Benefits of oxygen?

A

Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate

62
Q

How is oxygen usually ordered?

A

Liters per minute, concentration (24%), or fractional concentration (.24%)

63
Q

What color tank is oxygen in?

A

Green

64
Q

What happens if patient is given too much oxygen?

A

Toxicity, dry out nasal mucousa, damanges the lungs

64
Q

2 delivery systems of oxygen?

A

Low-flow
High-flow

65
Q

How does low-flow oxygen work?

A

Variable oxygen concentration

Provides only part of inspirational volume because mixed with room air

66
Q

How does high-flow oxygen work?

A

Fixed oxygen concentration

66
Q

What is Air-Entrainment principle?

A

Room air gases are precisely mixed with 100% oxygen before reaching patient

67
Q

What are the types of oxygen devices?

A

Nasal Cannula
Oxygen mask
Ventilators

68
Q

How does nasal cannula work? Delivery rates? Low-flow or high?

A

Most common

Short prongs inserted into nares

Delivery rates of 1-4 LPM, delivering 24%-36% concentration

Low-flow device: never use over 6 LMP

69
Q

Properties of a Simple Mask

A

Simple mask - low-flow; O2 flow rate greater than 6 LPM

70
Q

Oxygen devices for children:

A

Tent - covers the child’s

Oxyhood - generally used on infants

71
Q

What is a ventilator and what does it control?

A

Artificial airway inserted into trachea and connected to mechanical ventilator

Controls respiratory rate, insiratory volume, and oxygen content

Don’t silent alarms if they go off

72
Q

Technique for intubation?

A

Lower kVp, higher mAs

73
Q

What is intubation?

A

Insert tube into canal, hollow organ, or cavity

74
Q

What are Endotracheal Tubes?

A

Tracheal intubation: trans laryngeal approach via nose or mouth

75
Q

What is a Trachostomy?

A

Surgical opening thorugh anterior neck into trachea

76
Q

What is the proper placement for ET tube?

A

Distal tip is 1-2 inches superior to tracheal bifurcation

77
Q

What is the most common malposition of ET tube?

A

Right bronchi has less angle, causes left lung collapse

78
Q

What are chest tubes used for?

A

Drain intrapleural space and mediastinum

79
Q

What happens when fluid or air accumulates in chest?

A

Negative pressure is lowered and lungs fail to fully expand

80
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

Fluid within the pleural cavity; causes blunting of costaphrenic angles with enough fluid present

81
Q

What is Pneumothorax? What causes it?

A

Air or gas in pleural cavity

Bleb - rupture of lining of lungs

Fractured rib

CV line insertion error

Empyema - gas-producing microorganism

82
Q

What are CV lines?

A

Catheters inserted into a large vein

83
Q

Who are the developers of externally tunneled CV lines?

A

Broviac and Hickman
Leonard and Groshong

84
Q

What are the different types of CV lines?

A

Percutaneous (subclavian)
Totally imported ports
PICC lines
Externally tunneled

85
Q

What are PICC lines and where are they entered?

A

Peripheral Inserted Central Catheter
Goes into basilic/cephalic vein

86
Q

Preferred location for CV lines?

A

SVC, 2-3 cm above right atrial junction

87
Q

Perferred insertion site for CV lines?

A

Right subclavain vein

88
Q

Complications with CV lines?

A

Catheter dislodgement
Occlusions
1/3 are placed incorrectly

89
Q

Right side approach for CV lines:

A

Follow subclavian vein - catheter to right of the verterbal column

90
Q

Left side approach for CV lines:

A

Longer catheter
Through subclavian vein to brachiocephalic
Left side always crosses midline

91
Q

What type of oxygen tanks should be used for MRI?

A

Titanium

92
Q

Properties of Non-rebreathing Mask

A

Low-flow device

Have bags attached-reserviors, 1 way valve attached to prevent exhaled air from being re-breathed

93
Q

Properties of Partial Re-breathing Mask

A

Does not have a 1 way valve

94
Q

Properties of Aerosol Mask

A

High flow device w/ neubilizer

O2 flow rate of at least 8 LPM

Watch tubing when moving patient - fluid in corrugated tubing

95
Q

Properties of Air-Entrainment Mask

A

High-flow device

O2 forced through small opening/tube in the mask

Constant O2 concentration regardless of changes to respiratory system

Intro to Radiography (15 decks)

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