Chapter 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders Key Terms Flashcards
Phenothiazines:
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia; they help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia but also have adverse side effects.
Traditional antipsychotics:
Historically, the first medications used to manage psychotic symptoms.
Tardive dyskinesia:
Repetitive, involuntary movements of jaw, tongue, face, and mouth resulting from the extended use of traditional antipsychotic drugs.
Atypical antipsychotics:
Newer antipsychotic drugs that do not create tardive dyskinesia.
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors:
A class of drugs used to treat depression; they slow the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain.
Tricyclic antidepressants:
Drugs used for treating depression as well as chronic pain and ADHD.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):
Drugs prescribed primarily for depression and some anxiety disorders that work by making more serotonin available in the synapse.
Serotonin noepinephrine reuptake inhibitor:
Antidepressant and anti-anxiety drugs that boost levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.
Benzodiazepines:
A class of anxiety-reducing drugs that can be addictive but are less dangerous than barbiturates.
Barbiturates:
A class of anxiety-reducing sedatives that can be addictive and carry a risk of overdose.
Lithium:
A salt that is prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mania associated with bipolar disorder.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):
The treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a person’s brain in order to induce a seizure.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS):
A treatment for severe depression involving exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity.
Psychotherapy:
The use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior.
Psychoanalytic therapy:
Based on Freud’s ideas, a therapeutic approach oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives, especially through dream interpretation.
Psychodynamic therapy:
is the modern offshoot of Freud’s psychoanalysis and is a form of talk therapy that confronts unconscious impulses, ideas, and wishes.
Free association:
A psychotherapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be.
Transference:
The process in psychotherapy in which the client reacts to a person in a present relationship as though that person were someone from the client’s past.
Catharsis:
The process of releasing intense, often unconscious emotions in a therapeutic setting.
Client-centered therapy:
A form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient.
Behavior therapies:
Therapies that apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders.
Token economies:
A behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges.
Systematic desensitization:
A behavioral therapy technique, often used for phobias, in which the therapist pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object, generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object.
Flooding:
Form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object.
Cognitive therapy:
Any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT):
An approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors.
Group therapy:
A therapeutic setting in which several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a therapist to help themselves and one another.
Support groups:
Meetings of people who share a common situation, be it a disorder, a disease, or caring for an ill family member.
Evidence-based therapies:
Treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome.
Technology-based therapies:
Therapies that make use of technology or the Internet to complement current therapies or to make psychotherapeutic techniques available to more people.
Virtual reality therapies:
Therapies that use virtual (digital simulation) environments to create therapeutic situations that would be hard to create otherwise.
Integrative therapy:
An eclectic approach in which the therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation.
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT):
An approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns.
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT):
Treatment that integrates elements of CBT with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation and is used to treat borderline personality disorders.
Optogenetics:
A treatment that uses a combination of light stimulation and genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons.
Psychedelic medicine:
The controlled use of psychedelic drugs for the treatment of physical and mental disorders.
