Chapter 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders Key Terms

Question 1

Phenothiazines:

Answer 1

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia; they help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia but also have adverse side effects.

Question 2

Traditional antipsychotics:

Answer 2

Historically, the first medications used to manage psychotic symptoms.

Question 3

Tardive dyskinesia:

Answer 3

Repetitive, involuntary movements of jaw, tongue, face, and mouth resulting from the extended use of traditional antipsychotic drugs.

Question 4

Atypical antipsychotics:

Answer 4

Newer antipsychotic drugs that do not create tardive dyskinesia.

Question 5

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors:

Answer 5

A class of drugs used to treat depression; they slow the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain.

Question 6

Tricyclic antidepressants:

Answer 6

Drugs used for treating depression as well as chronic pain and ADHD.

Question 7

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):

Answer 7

Drugs prescribed primarily for depression and some anxiety disorders that work by making more serotonin available in the synapse.

Question 8

Serotonin noepinephrine reuptake inhibitor:

Answer 8

Antidepressant and anti-anxiety drugs that boost levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Question 9

Benzodiazepines:

Answer 9

A class of anxiety-reducing drugs that can be addictive but are less dangerous than barbiturates.

Question 10

Barbiturates:

Answer 10

A class of anxiety-reducing sedatives that can be addictive and carry a risk of overdose.

Question 11

Lithium:

Answer 11

A salt that is prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mania associated with bipolar disorder.

Question 12

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):

Answer 12

The treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a person’s brain in order to induce a seizure.

Question 13

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS):

Answer 13

A treatment for severe depression involving exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity.

Question 14

Psychotherapy:

Answer 14

The use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior.

Question 15

Psychoanalytic therapy:

Answer 15

Based on Freud’s ideas, a therapeutic approach oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives, especially through dream interpretation.

Question 16

Psychodynamic therapy:

Answer 16

is the modern offshoot of Freud’s psychoanalysis and is a form of talk therapy that confronts unconscious impulses, ideas, and wishes.

Question 17

Free association:

Answer 17

A psychotherapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be.

Question 18

Transference:

Answer 18

The process in psychotherapy in which the client reacts to a person in a present relationship as though that person were someone from the client’s past.

Question 19

Catharsis:

Answer 19

The process of releasing intense, often unconscious emotions in a therapeutic setting.

Question 20

Client-centered therapy:

Answer 20

A form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient.

Question 21

Behavior therapies:

Answer 21

Therapies that apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders.

Question 22

Token economies:

Answer 22

A behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges.

Question 23

Systematic desensitization:

Answer 23

A behavioral therapy technique, often used for phobias, in which the therapist pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object, generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object.

Question 24

Flooding:

Answer 24

Form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object.

Question 25

Cognitive therapy:

Answer 25

Any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns.

Question 26

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT):

Answer 26

An approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors.

Question 27

Group therapy:

Answer 27

A therapeutic setting in which several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a therapist to help themselves and one another.

Question 28

Support groups:

Answer 28

Meetings of people who share a common situation, be it a disorder, a disease, or caring for an ill family member.

Question 29

Evidence-based therapies:

Answer 29

Treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome.

Question 30

Technology-based therapies:

Answer 30

Therapies that make use of technology or the Internet to complement current therapies or to make psychotherapeutic techniques available to more people.

Question 31

Virtual reality therapies:

Answer 31

Therapies that use virtual (digital simulation) environments to create therapeutic situations that would be hard to create otherwise.

Question 32

Integrative therapy:

Answer 32

An eclectic approach in which the therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation.

Question 33

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT):

Answer 33

An approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns.

Question 34

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT):

Answer 34

Treatment that integrates elements of CBT with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation and is used to treat borderline personality disorders.

Question 35

Optogenetics:

Answer 35

A treatment that uses a combination of light stimulation and genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons.

Question 36

Psychedelic medicine:

Answer 36

The controlled use of psychedelic drugs for the treatment of physical and mental disorders.