Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion Key Terms Flashcards
Motivation:
The urge to move toward one’s goals; to accomplish tasks.
Needs:
Inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives.
Drives:
The perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension.
Incentive:
Any external object or event that motivates behavior.
Homeostasis:
The process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium, or balance, around an optimal set point.
Set point:
The ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature.
Yerkes-Dodson law:
The principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance.
Self-actualization:
The inherent drive to realize one’s full potential.
Glucose:
A simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain.
Anorexia nervosa:
An eating disorder in which people cannot maintain 85% of their ideal body weight for their height, have an intense fear of eating, and have a distorted body image.
Bulimia nervosa:
An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and a perceived lack of control during the eating session.
Sexual behavior:
Actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm.
Sexual orientation:
Sexual orientation refers to a person’s inherent romantic, emotional and sexual attraction to other people–whether same sex, opposite sex, or both.
Achievement motivation:
A desire to do things well and overcome obstacles.
Extrinsic motivation:
Motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praise.
Intrinsic motivation:
Motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy.
Perceived organizational support:
Employees’ beliefs about how much the organization appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being.
Emotions:
Brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation.
Moods:
Affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emotions.
Affective traits:
Stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses.
Basic emotions:
The set of emotions that are common to all humans; includes anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
Broaden-and-build model:
Fredrickson’s model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills.
Self-conscious emotions:
Types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by society’s rules.
Appraisal:
Evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one’s own welfare; this evaluation drives the process by which emotions are elicited.
Emotional regulation:
The cognitive and behavioral efforts people make to modify their emotions.
Reappraisal:
An emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluates an event, so that a different emotion results.
Expressive suppression:
A response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion.
Universal:
Common to all human beings and seen in cultures all over the world.
Facial Action Coding System (FACS):
A widely used method for measuring all observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face.
Duchenne smile:
A smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye.
Subjective experience of emotion:
The changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses.
James-Lange theory of emotion:
The idea that it is the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience.
Facial feedback hypothesis:
Sensory feedback from the facial musculature during expression affects emotional experience.
Neurocultural theory of emotion:
Ekman’s explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotion regulation, are culturally derived.
Display rules:
Learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them.
Emotional intelligence:
The ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others, empathic understanding, and skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others.
