Chapter 16 - Therapy Flashcards
1
Q
historical context (western society)
A
- Bedlam/St. Mary of Bethlehem (1700’s): patients tortured, mistreated, and put on public display
- Philippe Pinel, Dorothea Dix (1800’s): first to see psychological problems as mental illness
- Asylums (1900’s): protection, treatment, (and containment?)
- Deinstitutionalization (1960’s): rapid decline in mental hospital residents from the 60’s onwards
2
Q
cultural context
A
- Western views: disease/illness something that happens inside someone
- Non-western views: can focus on cooperation, interdependence, community (not removing someone from community)
- Cultural symbols and rituals of curing: shamanism, ritual healing, dissociation of consciousness
3
Q
harmful therapies that still exist today
A
- Recovered memory therapy
- Critical incident stress debriefing
- Rebirthing therapy
- “Scared Straight”
- Alcoholics anonymous
- These treatments are reminders that we need to continue to apply the scientific method, even in treatment
4
Q
why is Alcoholics Anonymous problematic?
A
- 50% drop out first month
- 95% drop out first year
- Problematic because if people see this as their only option and then they’re unsuccessful, they might believe they’re hopeless, when in reality the program just isn’t very effective
5
Q
goals of major therapies
A
- Reaching a diagnosis
- Proposing a probable etiology (cause)
- Making a prognosis -> what’s going to happen if we treat this, what’s going to happen if we don’t treat it?
- Treatment planning
- Often a theory-driven enterprise -> depend on your view of the world
6
Q
biomedical therapies
A
- Alter brain functioning via chemical or physical interventions
- ex. Surgery, Electric shock (electroconvulsive therapy), Magnetic stimulation (used to make brains more active), Drugs, etc.
7
Q
psychotherapy
A
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between therapist and person seeking to overcome psychological difficulties, achieve personal growth, and treat faulty behaviours, thoughts, perceptions and emotions
8
Q
Psychological therapies
A
- psychodynamic
- behavioural
- cognitive
- humanistic (humanism usually underlies all the other therapies)
9
Q
types of therapists
A
- Clinical psychologists (have PhDs plus internship and training)
- Psychiatrists (Have MDs and can prescribe meds, but may not have extensive training clinical psychologists do)
- Counselling psychologist (have Master’s degrees)
- Clinical social worker (have Master’s degrees and post-grad supervision)
- Pastoral counselor
- Psychoanalyst
10
Q
therapeutic settings
A
- Patient: used in biomedical approach to treatment
- Client: used by clinicians who think of psychological disorders as problems in living
- Therapeutic alliance: relationship between patient and therapist – one of strongest predictors on how successful treatment will be
11
Q
psychoanalysis
A
- Freud’s technique
- He believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, impulses, and conflicts allowing the patient to gain self-insight
- Patient talks, analyst interprets
- Historical reconstruction to shed light on the present
- dream analysis
12
Q
free association
A
disclosing thoughts, wishes, physical sensations, and mental images as they occur
13
Q
catharsis
A
expressing strongly felt but usually repressed emotions
14
Q
countertransference
A
when the therapist assigns qualities to their client based on the therapist’s interactions with previous clients
15
Q
behaviour therapies/modification
A
- Applies principles of learning to increase or decrease the frequency of behaviours
- counter-conditioning, desensitization, contigency management
- Ex. Un-conditioning the woman’s fear of snakes
16
Q
counter-conditioning
A
- Systematic desensitization: Swap (-) for (+)
- Ie. making public speaking a more pleasant experience
- Aversive conditioning: swap (+) for (-)
- Ie. making alcohol less pleasant
17
Q
desensitization
A
- Relaxation: CS becomes paired with relaxation, not anxiety
- Prolonged exposure: habituation to conditioned stimulus
- Using virtual reality to expose people to their fears
18
Q
contingency management/token economy
A
- believes behaviours are influenced by their consequences (operant conditioning technique)
- Ie. Rewards (attention, praise, food)
- Ex: childhood ADHD -> reward-based token systems used to influence their behaviour (tokens to be redeemed for desirable items like candy, TV, trips, etc.)
19
Q
Cognitive therapies
A
- changing thinking to change feelings
- Assumes that our emotional reactions aren’t produced by events, but by our thoughts -> you can’t directly change the way you feel or control event, but you can control what you think
- aims to change unhelpful beliefs and tendencies to see things negatively (ex. belief that because you can’t tell jokes, you don’t fit into social situations)
- ex. lost job -> thought: I’m worthless -> depression; lost job -> thought: I’ll find a better job -> no depression
